Table 2. Associations of Acculturative Stress, Perceived Stress, and Distress With Self-Rated Healtha in Linear Regression Analysis of Data From 400 Chinese and Korean Immigrants Aged 50 to 75 Years Recruited From Physicians’ Clinics in the Baltimore–Washington, DC, Metropolitan Area, August 2018–June 2020.
| Variable | Self-rated health to β (95% CI) |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acculturative stressb
|
Perceived stressc
|
Distressd
|
|||||||
| Model 1e | Model 2f | Model 3g | Model 1e | Model 2f | Model 3g | Model 1e | Model 2f | Model 3g | |
| Stress | 0.14 (0.07 to 0.20) | 0.10 (0.03 to 0.16) | 0.08 (0.01 to 0.14) | 0.08 (0.06 to 0.10) | 0.06 (0.04 to 0.09) | 0.05 (0.03 to 0.08) | 0.10 (0.06 to 0.14) | 0.11 (0.07 to 0.15) | 0.09 (0.05 to 0.13) |
| Age | 0.01 (–0.01 to 0.03) | –0.01 (–0.03 to 0.01) | –0.01 (–0.02 to 0.01) | 0.01 (–0.01 to 0.03) | 0 (–0.02 to 0.02) | 0 (–0.02 to 0.02) | 0.01 (0 to 0.03) | 0 (–0.02 to 0.01) | 0 (–0.02 to 0.02) |
| Sex | |||||||||
| Female | — | 0.22 (0.01 to 0.43) | 0.16 (–0.04 to 0.37) | — | 0.21 (0.01 to 0.42) | 0.16 (–0.04 to 0.36) | — | 0.19 (–0.01 to 0.40) | 0.15 (–0.05 to 0.35) |
| Male | — | Reference | Reference | — | Reference | Reference | — | Reference | Reference |
| Asian subgroup | |||||||||
| Chinese | — | –0.21 (–0.43 to 0.02) | –0.14 (–0.36 to 0.07) | — | –0.14 (–0.36 to 0.08) | –0.09 (–0.31 to 0.12) | — | –0.21 (–0.43 to 0.01) | –0.16 (–0.38 to 0.05) |
| Korean | — | Reference | Reference | — | Reference | Reference | — | Reference | Reference |
| Marital status | |||||||||
| Not currently married | — | 0.13 (–0.15 to 0.42) | 0.07 (–0.21 to 0.34) | — | 0.13 (–0.14 to 0.41) | 0.07 (–0.20 to 0.34) | — | 0.12 (–0.15 to 0.40) | 0.07 (–0.20 to 0.34) |
| Married or cohabiting | — | Reference | Reference | — | Reference | Reference | — | Reference | Reference |
| Education | |||||||||
| Less than high school graduate | — | 0.18 (–0.23 to 0.59) | 0.19 (–0.21 to 0.59) | — | 0.17 (–0.23 to 0.57) | 0.18 (–0.21 to 0.57) | — | 0.37 (–0.03 to 0.76) | 0.34 (–0.06 to 0.73) |
| High school graduate or GED | — | 0.35 (0.01 to 0.69) | 0.36 (0.03 to 0.69) | — | 0.35 (0.02 to 0.69) | 0.36 (0.04 to 0.68) | — | 0.51 (0.18 to 0.84) | 0.49 (0.16 to 0.81) |
| Business/vocational school/some college | — | 0.40 (0.06 to 0.74) | 0.42 (0.09 to 0.76) | — | 0.41 (0.08 to 0.75) | 0.43 (0.11 to 0.76) | — | 0.49 (0.15 to 0.82) | 0.49 (0.16 to 0.82) |
| College graduate | — | 0.35 (0.04 to 0.67) | 0.32 (0.01 to 0.62) | — | 0.33 (0.02 to 0.64) | 0.30 (0 to 0.60) | — | 0.42 (0.11 to 0.73) | 0.38 (0.07 to 0.68) |
| Attended graduate/professional school | — | Reference | Reference | — | Reference | Reference | — | Reference | Reference |
| Annual household income, $ | |||||||||
| <20,000 | — | 0.57 (0.17 to 0.98) | 0.49 (0.09 to 0.88) | — | 0.44 (0.04 to 0.84) | 0.38 (–0.01 to 0.77) | — | 0.57 (0.18 to 0.96) | 0.50 (0.11 to 0.89) |
| 20,000–39,999 | — | 0.44 (0.07 to 0.81) | 0.46 (0.10 to 0.81) | — | 0.28 (–0.09 to 0.64) | 0.31 (–0.04 to 0.67) | — | 0.40 (0.04 to 0.76) | 0.42 (0.07 to 0.77) |
| 40,000–59,999 | — | 0.22 (–0.11 to 0.55) | 0.22 (–0.10 to 0.54) | — | 0.17 (–0.16 to 0.49) | 0.17 (–0.15 to 0.48) | — | 0.18 (–0.14 to 0.50) | 0.18 (–0.13 to 0.50) |
| 60,000–79,999 | — | 0.08 (–0.30 to 0.46) | 0.08 (–0.29 to 0.45) | — | 0.01 (–0.37 to 0.38) | 0.01 (–0.35 to 0.38) | — | 0.01 (–0.36 to 0.38) | 0.02 (–0.35 to 0.38) |
| 80,000–99,999 | — | –0.10 (–0.52 to 0.32) | –0.10 (–0.51 to 0.30) | — | –0.23 (–0.64 to 0.19) | –0.21 (–0.62 to 0.19) | — | –0.19 (–0.59 to 0.22) | –0.17 (–0.57 to 0.23) |
| ≥100,000 | — | Reference | Reference | — | Reference | Reference | — | Reference | Reference |
| Employment status | |||||||||
| Working part time | — | –0.01 (–0.28 to 0.26) | 0 (–0.26 to 0.26) | — | 0.07 (–0.20 to 0.33) | 0.07 (–0.19 to 0.32) | — | 0.07 (–0.19 to 0.33) | 0.06 (–0.19 to 0.32) |
| Not currently working | — | 0.05 (–0.24 to 0.34) | 0.09 (–0.19 to 0.37) | — | 0.06 (–0.22 to 0.34) | 0.09 (–0.18 to 0.37) | — | 0.11 (–0.17 to 0.39) | 0.13 (–0.15 to 0.40) |
| Working full time | — | Reference | Reference | — | Reference | Reference | — | Reference | Reference |
| Health insurance status | |||||||||
| Medicare/Medicaid | — | –0.05 (–0.37 to 0.26) | –0.04 (–0.35 to 0.26) | — | –0.10 (–0.40 to 0.21) | –0.08 (–0.38 to 0.22) | — | –0.13 (–0.44 to 0.18) | –0.11 (–0.41 to 0.19) |
| No health insurance | — | 0.11 (–0.16 to 0.37) | 0.11 (–0.15 to 0.37) | — | 0.10 (–0.16 to 0.37) | 0.10 (–0.15 to 0.36) | — | 0.12 (–0.13 to 0.38) | 0.12 (–0.13 to 0.38) |
| Private health insurance | — | Reference | Reference | — | Reference | Reference | — | Reference | Reference |
| Sleep disturbance | |||||||||
| Mild, moderate, or severe | — | — | 0.61 (0.36 to 0.86) | — | — | 0.55 (0.30 to 0.80) | — | — | 0.49 (0.24 to 0.75) |
| None to slight | — | — | Reference | — | — | Reference | — | — | Reference |
a
Scale for self-rated health ranged from 1 (excellent) to 5 (poor).
b
Scale consisted of 9 dichotomous (yes = 1; no or not applicable = 0) items. Scale ranged from 0 to 9, with higher scores indicating greater acculturative stress.
c
A 10-item modified version of the Perceived Stress Scale (19) was used; scale ranged from 0 to 40, with higher scores indicating greater perceived stress.
d
Measured by a distress “thermometer” numbered from 0 at the bottom (no distress) to 10 at the top (extreme distress). Respondents circled their response; scale ranged from 0 to 10, with higher scores indicating greater distress.
e
Model 1: Stress + age.
f
Model 2: Model 1 + sex, Asian subgroup, marital status, education, household income, employment status, health insurance status.
g
Model 3: Model 2 + sleep disturbance.