Table 1.

Pathophysiology and metabolic consequences of critical illness over time.^{*[3,13,16,102]}

Items	Early acute (day 1–2)	Late acute (day 3–7)	Recovery phases (> day 7 – months)
Anorexia Autophagy Endogenous glucose production† Hyperglycaemia Refeeding risk‡ Resting energy expenditure	↑↑ ↑↑ ↑↑ ↑↑ ↑↑ ↓	↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑↑	↑ or ↔ ↔ ↔ ↔ ↔ ↑

^⁎Arrows indicate significant increases (↑↑), increases (↑), decreases (↓), or no difference (↔) in relation to baseline metabolism.

^†Endogenous glucose production is not inhibited by an exogenous energy supply in the early acute phase of critical illness but can be partially inhibited in the late acute phase, and can be suppressed in the recovery phase.

^‡Risk according to pre-admission nutritional status and amount of energy provided.