Table 1.
Study characteristics.
| First Author | Year | Country | Study Design | Sample Size | Mean Age (y) | Disease (%CD, %UC, %IC) | Inpatient vs Outpatient Opioid Use | Definition of Opioid Use | NOS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alley18 | 2019 | United States | Retrospective cohort | 76 171 | 45.3 | 52% CD, 48% UC | Outpatient | Extended opioid use defined as 60-d supply or more of opioids in a single year | 7 |
| Anderson19 | 2018 | United States | Prospective cohort | 447 | 39.4 | 65% CD, 33% UC, 2% IC | Outpatient | 1 or more prescriptions during 2-y study period | 7 |
| Berry20 | 2020 | United States | Retrospective cohort | 57 | 32 | 56% CD, 40% UC, 4% IC | Inpatient | Any opioid use during hospitalization, excluding those for procedural sedation | 7 |
| Buckley21 | 2013 | United States | Cross-sectional | 104 582 | — | 46% CD, 53% UC, 1% IC | Outpatient | Any outpatient opioid dispensed during the study period | NA |
| Burr4 | 2018 | United Kingdom | Retrospective cohort | 8866 | — | 40% CD, 60% UC | Outpatient | Any opioid prescribed by primary care during study period | 7 |
| Cheung22 | 2015 | United States | Cross-sectional | 108 | 50.5 | 100% CD | Outpatient | Any opioid within the month prior to hospital admission | NA |
| Chitnavis23 | 2019 | United States | Retrospective cohort | 497 | 52.9 | 100% UC | Outpatient | 3 consecutive prescriptions for opioids filled or 2 filled in a 6-mo period | 6 |
| Christian24 | 2017 | United States | Retrospective cohort | 498 | 39.4 | 67% CD, 31% UC, 2% ID |
Outpatient | Opioid prescription at discharge | 7 |
| Click13 | 2016 | United States | Prospective cohort | 338 | — | 54% CD, 42% UC, 4% IC |
Outpatient | Any outpatient opioid prescription during the study period | 6 |
| Coates25 | 2020 | United States | Retrospective cohort | 542 | 40.4 | 100% CD | Outpatient | Opioid prescription provided prior to index visit | 6 |
| Cross26 | 2005 | United States | Retrospective cohort | 291 | 40.2 | 100% CD | Outpatient | Any opioid used for purpose of analgesia, excluding 2-mo period following surgery | 5 |
| Dalal27 | 2020 | United States | Retrospective cohort | 862 | 40.4 | 66% CD, 34% UC | Inpatient | IV and non-IV opioids prescribed during hospital admission | 8 |
| Hanson28 | 2009 | United States | Case-control | 200 | 44.9 | 78% CD, 22% UC | Outpatient | Opioid prescription taken for IBD-related pain at initial clinic visit | 7 |
| Hazratjee29 | 2013 | United States | Retrospective cohort | 429 | 41.2 | 72% CD, 38% UC | Both | (1)Any opioids prescribed during admission (2)Opioids prescribed at discharge |
8 |
| Kelso30 | 2017 | United States | Retrospective Cohort | 113 | 48.5 | 48% CD, 52% UC | Inpatient | IV opioid during admission | 7 |
| Li31 | 2016 | United States | Retrospective cohort | 1331 | 41.1 | 100% CD | Both | Any inpatient or outpatient opioid prescription 1 mo prior to surgery | 5 |
| Lian32 | 2010 | United States | Retrospective cohort | 223 | 38.7 | 100% UC | Inpatient | Oral or IV opioids given while inpatient (excluding after colectomy) | 6 |
| Lichtenstein3 | 2012 | United States, Canada | Prospective cohort | 6273 | 42.5 | 100% CD | Both | Any opioid use from enrollment to 6-mo data collection period | 5 |
| Limsrivilai11 | 2017 | United States | Retrospective cohort | 1430 | 40.0 | 60% CD, 40% UC | Both | Any opioid prescription use during the study period | 7 |
| Long33 | 2012 | United States | Retrospective cohort | 117 | 31.9 | 72% CD, 28% UC | Inpatient | Any opioids prescribed during hospital admission, excluding those used for sedation or postoperatively | 6 |
| Mudireddy34 | 2017 | United States | Retrospective cohort | 439 | 38 | 67% CD, 33% UC | Both | (1)Opioids on admission (2)Opioids on discharge |
8 |
| Nugent35 | 2016 | Canada | Case-control | 3694 | 50 | — | Outpatient | At least 1 opioid prescription in the previous year | 8 |
| O’Brien36 | 2020 | United States | Retrospective cohort | 118 | — | 100% CD | Both | Any opioid use 6 mo prior to surgery | 6 |
| Parian37 | 2015 | United States | Retrospective cohort | 190 | 70.2a | 50% CD, 50% UC | Outpatient | Opioids listed on outpatient medication list during clinic visit | 5 |
| Park9 | 2020 | United States | Case-control | 52 782 | 48.3 | 45% CD, 55% UC | Outpatient | Claims data with at least 1 opioid prescription | 7 |
| Pauly38 | 2017 | United States | Retrospective cohort | 47 164 | 41.8 | 100% CD | Outpatient | 90-d supply of opioids in a 6-mo period without any 30-d gaps between prescriptions | 6 |
| Sanford39 | 2014 | Canada | Cross-sectional | 100 | 41.3 | 100% CD | Outpatient | Use at least 1 opioid drug weekly for control of Crohn’s pain | NA |
| Targownik5 | 2014 | Canada | Cross-sectional | 4217 | — | 47% CD, 53% UC | Outpatient | Heavy opioid use defined as 50 MME/d for 30 d in any 1-y period AND at least 2 prescriptions in the same 1-y period | NA |
| Tinsley40 | 2015 | United States | Retrospective cohort | 229 | 37.28 | 100% UC | Outpatient | Opioids prescribed at discharge | 7 |
| Wren41 | 2018 | United States | Retrospective cohort | 93 668 | 23.1b | 52% CD, 40% UC, 8% IC | Outpatient | Chronic opioid use defined as 2 or more opioid prescriptions in a year; persistent chronic opioid use defined as 4 or more years of use | 6 |
Abbreviations: CD, Crohn’s disease; IBD, inflammatory bowel disease; IC, indeterminate colitis; IV, intravenous; NA, not applicable; NOS, Newcastle-Ottawa Scale; UC, ulcerative colitis.
Included only patients 65 years of age and older.
Included only patients 15-29 years of age.