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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Nov 1.
Published in final edited form as: Psychol Med. 2022 May 19;53(9):4022–4031. doi: 10.1017/S0033291722000691

Figure 1.

Figure 1.

Relative Risks (RRs) and 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) of the associations between forms of distress at baseline and established risk factors for severe COVID-19 in relation to COVID-19 hospitalization, April 2020 - April 2021, N=3,663

Multivariable model adjusted for age, sex, racial identity, healthcare worker status and partner’s education (participants’ own education attainment in GUTS). Perceived stress and loneliness were queried in non-active health care workers only.

Note. PHQ-2 = 2-item Patient Health Questionnaire; GAD-2 = 2-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder.