Figure 4.
Vasculogenesis in cell-laden GelMA hydrogels using co-cultures of endothelial cells with (A,D) dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs), (B,E) bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (BM-MSC), or (C,F) stem cells from the apical papilla (SCAP) in GelMA hydrogels. Results from day 1 to 7 show the enhanced formation of vascular capillaries when BM-MSCs are used.