Table 5.
Association between physical fitness indices as well as sociodemographic background variables and anthropometric nutritional status among children attending quintile three primary schools in the Nelson Mandela Bay region
| Physical fitness indices | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| ||||||||||||
| Flexibility (cm) | Upper body muscular strength (kg) | Lower body muscular strength (cm) | CFR (VO2max, mL−1kg−1min−1) | |||||||||
|
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| B | Estimate (95% CI) | p | B | Estimate (95% CI) | p | B | Estimate (95% CI) | p | B | Estimate (95% CI) | p | |
|
|
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| Sex | ||||||||||||
| Girls (reference) | — | — | — | — | ||||||||
| Boys | −3.02 | −3.76; −2.28 | <0.001 | 1.22 | 0.88; 1.56 | <0.001 | 11.51 | 9.14; 13.88 | <0.001 | 3.66 | 3.17; 4.16 | <0.001 |
| Age (years) | −0.57 | −0.99; −0.14 | <0.001 | 1.19 | 1.00; 1.38 | <0.001 | 2.98 | 1.64; 4.31 | <0.001 | −0.93 | −1.21; −0.65 | <0.001 |
| Socio-economic status (0–9) | −0.09 | −0.28; 0.10 | 0.341 | 0.08 | −0.01; 0.16 | 0.084 | 0.27 | −0.33; 0.86 | 0.377 | −0.05 | −0.18; 0.07 | 0.429 |
| BMI (kg/m 2 ) | 0.01 | −0.11; 0.14 | 0.835 | 0.33 | 0.27; 0.39 | <0.001 | −2.02 | −2.42; −1.61 | <0.001 | −0.45 | −0.54; −0.37 | <0.001 |
| Stunting | ||||||||||||
| Stunted (reference) | — | — | — | — | ||||||||
| Not stunted | −1.44 | −2.66; −0.22 | 0.021 | 1.92 | 1.36; 2.47 | <0.001 | 5.61 | 1.70; 9.51 | 0.005 | 0.01 | −0.80; 0.82 | 0.976 |
| Overall model information | Corrected model: F(5,873)=17.6, p<0.001 Constant term: B=40.1, Estimate (95% CI): 35.0; 45.2, T=15.6, p<0.001 | Corrected model: F(5,873)=81.6, p<0.001 Constant term: B=−7.8, Estimate (95% CI): −10.1, −5.5 T=−6.7, p<0.001 | Corrected model: F(5,869)=48.5, p<0.001 Constant term: B=116.9, Estimate (95% CI): 10.9; 132.8, T=14.4, p<0.001 | Corrected model: F(5,852)=73.6, p<0.001 Constant term: B=64.2, Estimate (95% CI): 60.8; 67.5, T=37.7, p<0.001 | ||||||||
In the mixed linear regression models, cases were excluded listwise from the analysis if they had missing data in one or several of the covariates or in the dependent variables. Therefore, the analyses were based on the following number of students: flexibility: n=879; upper body muscular strength: n=879; lower body muscular strength: n=875; cardiorespiratory fitness: n=858. B is the adjusted unstandardized estimate of the Beta coefficient. Estimate (95% CI) is the adjusted unstandardized Beta coefficients, 95% confidence interval. All p-values are calculated using mixed linear regression, adjusting for clustering of school classes. CFR, cardiorespiratory fitness; BMI, body mass index