Table 2.
Brachial artery function, and inflammatory and vascular endothelium-derived blood biomarkers measured at baseline, and after 6-weeks and 12-weeks
| CON ( n = 7) | UBROW ( n = 8) | Effect size | P value (LMM) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | 6W | 12W | ∆12W-baseline (95% CI) | Baseline | 6W | 12W | ∆12W-baseline (95% CI) | Hedges g | Interaction (time x group) | Main effect time | |
| BA FMD, mm | 0.22 ± 0.07a | 0.20 ± 0.09a | 0.19 ± 0.05a | − 0.03 (− 0.17–0.11) | 0.15 ± 0.07b | 0.21 ± 0.12b | 0.22 ± 0.13b | 0.07 (− 0.00–0.13) | 0.93 | 0.380 | 0.55 |
| BA corrected FMD% | 4.58 ± 1.02a | 4.08 ± 1.02a | 3.98 ± 1.02a | − 0.60 (− 3.16–1.95) | 3.30 ± 1.02b | 4.86 ± 1.02b | 4.69 ± 1.02b | 1.39 (− 0.82–3.44) | NA | 0.352 | 0.627 |
| CRP, mg/L | 5.4 ± 4.8 | 3.4 ± 4.6 | 3.6 ± 5.2 | − 1.8 (− 5.0–1.4) | 3.6 ± 3.9 | 3.6 ± 3.5 | 3.7 ± 3.7 | 0.1 (− 1.6–1.8) | 0.64 | 0.162 | 0.208 |
| TNF-α, pg/mL | 1.28 ± 0.34c | 1.31 ± 0.30c | 1.33 ± 0.35c | 0.05 (− 0.14–0.23) | 1.61 ± 0.76 | 1.75 ± 0.96 | 1.70 ± 1.01 | 0.09 (− 0.15–0.31) | 0.14 | 0.610 | 0.321 |
| sICAM-1, ng/mL | 305.1 ± 30.8c | 334.4 ± 59.7c | 384.2 ± 58.0c | 79.1 (21.6–136.4) | 336.4 ± 83.4 | 351.3 ± 128.4 | 483.7 ± 138.8 | 147.3 (46.5–248.0) | 0.65 | 0.144 | < 0.001 |
| sVCAM-1, ng/mL | 568.4 ± 127.8c | 582.3 ± 147.6c | 594.4 ± 153.8c | 26.0 (− 18.9–71.0) | 648.5 ± 157.9 | 637.0 ± 184.8 | 641.8 ± 188.8 | − 6.7 (− 55.9–42.5) | − 0.58 | 0.628 | 0.924 |
| ET-1, pg/mL | 1.38 ± 0.34c | 1.58 ± 0.50c | 1.73 ± 0.51c | 0.35 (0.05–0.66) | 1.52 ± 0.36 | 1.48 ± 0.29 | 1.51 ± 0.31 | − 0.01 (− 0.18–0.17) | − 1.36 | 0.078 | 0.084 |
Data are presented as mean ± SD
BA Brachial artery, CON Control, UBROW Upper-body rowing exercise, LMM Linear mixed model, FMD Flow-mediated dilation, CRP C-reactive protein, TNF-α Tumor necrosis factor alpha, sICAM-1 Soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1, sVCAM-1 Soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, ET-1 Endothelin-1, NA Not applicable
an = 5
bn = 7
cn = 6