Table 3.
Traditional metabolic and cardiovascular disease risk factors measured at baseline, and after 6-weeks and 12-weeks
| CON (n = 7) | UBROW (n = 8) | Effect size | P value (LMM) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | 6W | 12W | ∆12W-baseline (95% CI) | Baseline | 6W | 12W | ∆12W-baseline (95% CI) | Hedges g | Interaction (time x group) | Main effect time | |
| Body mass, kg | 77.1 ± 18.8 | 77.4 ± 18.4 | 77.0 ± 18.7 | − 0.1 (− 1.7–1.7) | 86.7 ± 12.5 | 86.0 ± 12.7 | 85.5 ± 12.7 | − 1.2 (− 2.9–0.4) | − 0.59 | 0.295 | 0.303 |
| WC, cm | 91.5 ± 12.6 | 92.2 ± 12.8 | 92.3 ± 14.6 | 0.8 (− 2.3–4.1) | 106.7 ± 17.5 | 101.5 ± 14.5 | 101.0 ± 12.5 | − 5.7 (− 13.5–2.0) | − 0.86 | 0.061 | 0.197 |
| SBP, mm Hg | 125 ± 21 | 126 ± 27 | 122 ± 22 | − 3 (− 17–12) | 121 ± 33 a | 123 ± 26 a | 117 ± 27 a | − 4 (− 16–7) | − 0.12 | 0.954 | 0.259 |
| DBP, mm Hg | 80 ± 12 | 80 ± 16 | 79 ± 14 | − 1 (− 10–6) | 79 ± 23 a | 76 ± 18 a | 75 ± 18 a | − 4 (− 16–7) | − 0.20 | 0.778 | 0.459 |
| Fasting glucose, mmol/L | 5.2 ± 0.4 | 4.9 ± 0.3 | 4.9 ± 0.3 | − 0.3 (− 0.5 to − 0.2) | 6.1 ± 1.5 | 5.8 ± 1.2 | 5.9 ± 0.8 | − 0.2 (− 0.9–0.4) | 0.17 | 0.896 | 0.018 |
| Fasting insulin, pmol/L | 124.4 ± 155.0 b | 135.8 ± 175.8 b | 125.1 ± 156.1 b | 0.7 (− 18.0–19.2) | 110.9 ± 78.8 | 99.2 ± 70.0 | 94.1 ± 57.1 | − 16.8 (− 42–8.5) | − 0.63 | 0.246 | 0.486 |
| HOMA2-IR | 2.19 ± 2.51 b | 2.33 ± 2.80 b | 2.16 ± 2.50 b | 0.03 (− 0.38–0.32) | 2.16 ± 1.57 | 1.91 ± 1.36 | 1.81 ± 1.11 | − 35.0 (− 0.85–0.17) | − 0.75 | 0.308 | 0.390 |
| HOMA2-β, % | 152 ± 153 b | 178 ± 167 b | 174 ± 173 b | 22 (− 5–50) | 98 ± 48 | 101 ± 40 | 96 ± 35 | − 2.0 (− 24–19) | − 1.08 | 0.040 | 0.041 |
| HOMA2-S, % | 83 ± 51 b | 80 ± 47 b | 87 ± 59 b | 4 (− 18–26) | 99 ± 95 | 95 ± 86 | 89 ± 77 | − 10 (− 34–13) | − 0.74 | 0.674 | 0.696 |
| HbA1c, % | 5.5 ± 0.3 | 5.5 ± 0.2 | 5.4 ± 0.2 | − 0.1 (− 0.3–0.1) | 5.8 ± 0.7 | 5.7 ± 0.6 | 5.8 ± 0.7 | 0.0 (− 0.2–0.3) | 0.47 | 0.447 | 0.832 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 4.9 ± 1.0 | 4.6 ± 0.7 | 4.6 ± 0.9 | − 0.3 (− 0.6–0.1) | 5.2 ± 1.3 | 5.3 ± 1.0 | 5.1 ± 1.1 | − 0.1 (− 0.5–0.5) | 0.43 | 0.243 | 0.578 |
| HDL cholesterol, mmol/L | 1.3 ± 0.2 | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 1.2 ± 0.2 | − 0.1 (− 0.2–0.0) | 1.3 ± 0.3 | 1.3 ± 0.4 | 1.3 ± 0.4 | 0.0 (− 0.2–0.1) | 0.46 | 0.399 | 0.240 |
| LDL cholesterol, mmol/L | 3.1 ± 0.7 | 2.8 ± 0.5 | 3.0 ± 0.7 | − 0.1 (− 0.4–0.1) | 3.2 ± 1.1 | 3.4 ± 0.9 | 3.2 ± 0.9 | 0.0 (− 0.3–0.4) | 0.51 | 0.122 | 0.912 |
| Triglyceride, mmol/L | 1.1 ± 0.4 | 1.3 ± 0.5 | 1.0 ± 0.3 | − 0.1 (− 0.5–0.3) | 1.5 ± 0.8 | 1.4 ± 0.8 | 1.3 ± 0.7 | − 0.2 (− 0.4–0.1) | − 0.13 | 0.474 | 0.099 |
Data are presented as mean ± SD
CON Control, UBROW Upper-body rowing exercise, LMM Linear mixed model, WC Waist circumference, SBP Systolic blood pressure, DBP Diastolic blood pressure, HOMA2-IR Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, HOMA2-β Homeostasis model assessment of pancreatic β-cell function, HOMA2-S Homeostasis model assessment of insulin sensitivity, HbA1c Glycated hemoglobin, HDL High-density lipoprotein. LDL Low-density lipoprotein
an = 7
bn = 6