FIGURE 1.

The biphasic response to mitochondrial stress. (a) Mild mitochondrial stress in a healthy organ and organisms with sufficient adaptive capacities will lead to beneficial adaptations both on the cellular and systemic level. (b) Conversely, severe mitochondrial stress or a compromised adaptation capacity may result in the production and release of excessive ROS, mitochondrial damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and reduced levels of energy, leading to permanent cellular and tissue damage