FIGURE 2.

Mitochondrial communication of mitochondrial stress. (a) Various molecular stressors in response to systemic or cellular/cell environmental cues can trigger the mitochondrial stress response, which is transmitted via various communication channels. The stress responses can be communicated to other mitochondria (b), other organelles within the cell (c), to other cells (d) or to distant tissues (e). While moderate mitochondrial stress can lead to beneficial adaptations, severe mitochondrial stress or a compromised adaptation capacity may result in the production and release of excessive ROSs, mitochondrial DAMPs, inflammation, reduced levels of energy and ultimately to permanent cellular and tissue damage