TABLE 2.
Sequentially adjusted multivariable analysis of estimated V̇O2max per kg total body mass (mL O2·min−1·kg−1) by sociodemographic characteristics.
| Sex (N) | Women (5784) | Men (5209) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model | Count (%) | Unadjusted | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Count (%) | Unadjusted | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 |
| Reference mean | 35.6* (34.3; 37.0) | 35.2* (34.0; 36.5) | 34.7* (33.5; 36.0) | 42.3* (40.9; 43.7) | 42.2* (40.9; 43.6) | 41.8* (40.5; 43.1) | ||||
| Age group (yr) | ||||||||||
| 29–34 | 171 (3.0%) | 35.9 ± 6.2 | Reference | Reference | Reference | 154 (3.0%) | 42.0 ± 6.2 | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| 35–39 | 711 (12.3%) | 36.0 ± 7.0 | −0.6 (−1.9; 0.6) | −0.4 (−1.6; 0.7) | −0.1 (−1.2; 1.0) | 714 (13.7%) | 43.0 ± 6.9 | −0.0 (−1.3; 1.3) | −0.1 (−1.3; 1.1) | −0.0 (−1.2; 1.1) |
| 40–44 | 1168 (20.2%) | 35.5 ± 7.1 | −1.1 (−2.3; 0.1) | −0.3 (−1.5; 0.8) | 0.0 (−1.1; 1.1) | 994 (19.1%) | 42.7 ± 6.9 | −0.5 (−1.8; 0.7) | −0.2 (−1.4; 0.9) | −0.1 (−1.3; 1.0) |
| 45–49 | 1278 (22.1%) | 35.3 ± 7.5 | −1.3** (−2.5; −0.1) | −0.2 (−1.4; 0.9) | 0.0 (−1.1; 1.1) | 1107 (21.3%) | 42.2 ± 7.2 | −1.2 (−2.4; 0.1) | −0.3 (−1.5; 0.8) | −0.2 (−1.4; 0.9) |
| 50–54 | 1229 (21.2%) | 34.8 ± 7.6 | −1.8* (−3.0; −0.6) | −0.3 (−1.5; 0.8) | 0.0 (−1.1; 1.0) | 1052 (20.2%) | 41.1 ± 7.0 | −2.1* (−3.4; −0.9) | −0.8 (−2.0; 0.3) | −0.7 (−1.8; 0.5) |
| 55–59 | 946 (16.4%) | 34.6 ± 7.9 | −2.2* (−3.4; −0.9) | −0.4 (−1.5; 0.8) | −0.2 (−1.3; 1.0) | 917 (17.6%) | 40.8 ± 7.9 | −2.5* (−3.7; −1.2) | −0.6 (−1.8; 0.6) | −0.5 (−1.7; 0.7) |
| 60–64 | 281 (4.9%) | 34.6 ± 8.3 | −2.4* (−3.9; −0.9) | −0.2 (−1.6; 1.2) | −0.1 (−1.5; 1.3) | 271 (5.2%) | 40.4 ± 8.8 | −3.1* (−4.6; −1.6) | −0.4 (−1.8; 1.0) | −0.4 (−1.8; 0.9) |
| Ethnicity | ||||||||||
| White | 5357 (92.6%) | 35.3 ± 7.4 | Reference | Reference | Reference | 4816 (92.5%) | 42.0 ± 7.3 | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| South Asian | 63 (1.1%) | 34.7 ± 10.5 | −1.1 (−3.0; 0.7) | −0.1 (−1.8; 1.6) | −0.2 (−1.8; 1.5) | 70 (1.3%) | 40.3 ± 7.3 | −1.4 (−3.1; 0.3) | −0.5 (−2.1; 1.1) | −0.9 (−2.5; 0.6) |
| Black | 21 (0.4%) | 34.8 ± 8.0 | −1.4 (−4.5; 1.8) | −1.4 (−4.4; 1.5) | −0.8 (−3.6; 2.1) | 28 (0.5%) | 38.6 ± 8.2 | −3.2** (−5.8; −0.5) | −2.1 (−4.6; 0.4) | −1.9 (−4.4; 0.5) |
| East Asian | 38 (0.7%) | 38.7 ± 9.8 | 2.9** (0.5; 5.3) | 3.7* (1.5; 5.9) | 2.8** (0.7; 4.9) | 19 (0.4%) | 43.5 ± 8.7 | 1.8 (−1.5; 5.1) | 2.6 (−0.5; 5.6) | 1.8 (−1.2; 4.8) |
| Others or unknown | 305 (5.3%) | 32.5 ± 6.6 | −2.1* (−3.1; −1.2) | −1.6* (−2.4; −0.7) | −1.9* (−2.7; −1.1) | 276 (5.3%) | 39.5 ± 6.0 | −2.2* (−3.2; −1.2) | −1.7* (−2.6; −0.7) | −1.7* (−2.6; −0.9) |
| Education level | ||||||||||
| None | 31 (0.5%) | 33.0 ± 6.9 | −1.6 (−4.3; 1.0) | −1.4 (−3.9; 1.0) | −1.5 (−3.9; 0.9) | 21 (0.4%) | 40.3 ± 6.7 | −0.3 (−3.4; 2.9) | 0.3 (−2.6; 3.2) | 0.5 (−2.4; 3.4) |
| Basic | 1191 (20.6%) | 34.7 ± 8.0 | Reference | Reference | Reference | 859 (16.5%) | 42.0 ± 7.8 | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Further | 2617 (45.2%) | 34.8 ± 7.4 | 0.1 (−0.4; 0.6) | −0.1 (−0.6; 0.4) | −0.2 (−0.7; 0.3) | 2426 (46.6%) | 41.6 ± 7.3 | −0.2 (−0.8; 0.3) | −0.1 (−0.6; 0.4) | −0.1 (−0.6; 0.4) |
| Higher | 1945 (33.6%) | 36.0 ± 7.2 | 1.1* (0.5; 1.7) | 0.7** (0.2; 1.3) | 0.2 (−0.3; 0.7) | 1903 (36.5%) | 42.0 ± 7.1 | 0.4 (−0.3; 1.1) | 0.5 (−0.1; 1.1) | 0.1 (−0.5; 0.8) |
| Work type | ||||||||||
| Sedentary | 2762 (47.8%) | 34.9 ± 7.0 | Reference | Reference | Reference | 2721 (52.2%) | 41.7 ± 6.9 | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Standing | 1852 (32.0%) | 35.5 ± 7.7 | 0.9* (0.4; 1.3) | −0.1 (−0.5; 0.3) | −0.0 (−0.4; 0.4) | 703 (13.5%) | 42.0 ± 7.6 | 0.9* (0.2; 1.5) | −0.3 (−0.8; 0.3) | −0.1 (−0.7; 0.4) |
| Manual | 437 (7.6%) | 35.9 ± 8.0 | 1.6* (0.8; 2.4) | −0.4 (−1.1; 0.4) | −0.0 (−0.7; 0.7) | 1517 (29.1%) | 42.4 ± 7.8 | 1.2* (0.6; 1.7) | −1.0* (−1.5; −0.5) | −0.9* (−1.4; −0.4) |
| Retired | 160 (2.8%) | 34.3 ± 7.5 | 0.3 (−1.0; 1.6) | −0.3 (−1.5; 0.9) | −0.2 (−1.3; 1.0) | 112 (2.2%) | 39.8 ± 7.2 | −0.5 (−2.0; 0.9) | −1.5** (−2.8; −0.2) | −1.4** (−2.7; −0.1) |
| Unemployed | 61 (1.1%) | 34.6 ± 7.8 | −0.7 (−2.5; 1.2) | −0.6 (−2.3; 1.1) | 0.1 (−1.6; 1.8) | 64 (1.2%) | 39.3 ± 6.8 | −1.8 (−3.6; 0.1) | −2.2** (−3.9; −0.5) | −1.9** (−3.6; −0.3) |
| Unknown | 512 (8.9%) | 35.4 ± 8.2 | 0.7** (0.0; 1.4) | −0.1 (−0.7; 0.6) | −0.1 (−0.8; 0.5) | 92 (1.8%) | 40.7 ± 9.2 | 0.3 (−1.3; 1.8) | 0.6 (−0.9; 2.0) | 0.8 (−0.6; 2.2) |
| Income | ||||||||||
| < £20,000 | 892 (15.4%) | 34.8 ± 7.8 | −0.2 (−0.8; 0.5) | 0.2 (−0.3; 0.8) | 0.2 (−0.3; 0.8) | 472 (9.1%) | 41.4 ± 7.9 | 0.2 (−0.6; 0.9) | 0.8** (0.0; 1.5) | 0.6 (−0.1; 1.3) |
| £20,000–£40,000 | 2038 (35.2%) | 34.9 ± 7.5 | Reference | Reference | Reference | 1719 (33.0%) | 41.5 ± 7.8 | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| > £40,000 | 2691 (46.5%) | 35.5 ± 7.2 | 0.4 (−0.0; 0.9) | 0.1 (−0.3; 0.5) | 0.1 (−0.3; 0.5) | 2928 (56.2%) | 42.0 ± 6.9 | 0.5** (0.1; 1.0) | 0.3 (−0.1; 0.8) | 0.4 (−0.0; 0.8) |
| Unknown | 163 (2.8%) | 35.5 ± 9.9 | 1.1 (−0.1; 2.3) | 0.9 (−0.2; 2.0) | 0.9 (−0.2; 2.0) | 90 (1.7%) | 42.4 ± 7.6 | 0.7 (−0.8; 2.3) | 1.5** (0.0; 2.9) | 1.3 (−0.1; 2.8) |
| Marital status | ||||||||||
| Single | 380 (6.6%) | 35.9 ± 7.1 | 0.3 (−0.6; 1.1) | 0.2 (−0.6; 0.9) | 0.3 (−0.5; 1.0) | 389 (7.5%) | 42.2 ± 7.8 | −0.1 (−0.9; 0.7) | 0.2 (−0.5; 1.0) | 0.0 (−0.7; 0.7) |
| Married/living as married | 3547 (61.3%) | 35.5 ± 7.5 | Reference | Reference | Reference | 3350 (64.3%) | 42.0 ± 7.4 | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Widowed/separated/divorced | 489 (8.5%) | 35.7 ± 7.7 | 0.5 (−0.2; 1.3) | 0.4 (−0.3; 1.0) | 0.4 (−0.3; 1.0) | 277 (5.3%) | 42.3 ± 7.2 | 0.6 (−0.3; 1.5) | 0.4 (−0.4; 1.2) | 0.4 (−0.5; 1.2) |
| Unknown | 1368 (23.7%) | 33.9 ± 7.1 | −1.4* (−1.9; −0.9) | −1.4* (−1.9; −0.9) | −1.3* (−1.8; −0.9) | 1193 (22.9%) | 40.8 ± 6.7 | −1.4* (−2.0; −0.8) | −1.3* (−1.8; −0.8) | −1.4* (−1.9; −0.8) |
| Smoker status | ||||||||||
| Never smoked | 3246 (56.1%) | 35.0 ± 7.4 | Reference | Reference | Reference | 2718 (52.2%) | 41.8 ± 7.2 | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Ex-smoker | 1858 (32.1%) | 35.3 ± 7.4 | 0.4 (−0.0; 0.8) | 0.1 (−0.3; 0.4) | 0.3 (−0.1; 0.7) | 1760 (33.8%) | 41.9 ± 7.4 | 0.3 (−0.2; 0.7) | 0.1 (−0.4; 0.5) | 0.2 (−0.2; 0.6) |
| Current smoker | 615 (10.6%) | 35.7 ± 8.0 | 1.0* (0.4; 1.7) | −0.4 (−1.0; 0.3) | −0.1 (−0.7; 0.5) | 680 (13.1%) | 41.7 ± 7.7 | −0.1 (−0.7; 0.6) | −1.3* (−1.9; −0.7) | −1.3* (−1.9; −0.7) |
| Unknown | 65 (1.1%) | 34.7 ± 6.3 | −0.1 (−1.9; 1.7) | −0.8 (−2.5; 0.9) | −0.6 (−2.2; 1.0) | 51 (1.0%) | 40.8 ± 7.2 | −0.9 (−2.9; 1.1) | −1.4 (−3.2; 0.5) | −1.1 (−2.9; 0.8) |
| Test site | ||||||||||
| Cambridge | 2060 (35.6%) | 35.6 ± 7.5 | Reference | Reference | Reference | 1995 (38.3%) | 41.7 ± 7.5 | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Ely | 2201 (38.1%) | 35.1 ± 7.4 | 0.3 (−0.2; 0.8) | 0.6** (0.1; 1.0) | 0.8* (0.4; 1.2) | 1841 (35.3%) | 41.9 ± 7.2 | 0.8* (0.3; 1.3) | 0.8* (0.4; 1.3) | 1.2* (0.7; 1.6) |
| Wisbech | 1523 (26.3%) | 34.7 ± 7.4 | −0.3 (−0.8; 0.3) | −0.0 (−0.5; 0.5) | 0.4 (−0.1; 0.9) | 1373 (26.4%) | 41.9 ± 7.3 | 0.4 (−0.2; 1.0) | 0.3 (−0.2; 0.8) | 0.8* (0.3; 1.4) |
| Seasonality | ||||||||||
| Spring | 0.0 (−0.3; 0.3) | 0.1 (−0.2; 0.3) | 0.1 (−0.1; 0.3) | −0.2 (−0.4; 0.1) | −0.1 (−0.3; 0.2) | −0.1 (−0.4; 0.2) | ||||
| Winter | −0.7* (−1.0; −0.4) | −0.4* (−0.7; −0.2) | −0.5* (−0.7; −0.2) | −0.4* (−0.7; −0.1) | 0.0 (−0.3; 0.2) | 0.0 (−0.3; 0.3) | ||||
| PAEE (kJ·d−1·kg−1) | 0.1* (0.1; 0.2) | 0.1* (0.1; 0.1) | 0.1* (0.1; 0.1) | 0.1* (0.1; 0.1) | ||||||
| BMI (kg·m−2) | −0.4* (−0.4; −0.3) | −0.3* (−0.4; −0.3) | ||||||||
The Fenland study 2005 to 2015.
Unadjusted values represent mean ± SD V̇O2max estimates computed within each substratum. Model values are mean (95% CI). Model 1 is mutually adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics. Model 2 is additionally adjusted for PAEE (kJ·d−1·kg−1). Model 3 is additionally adjusted for BMI (kg·m−2). Mean ± SD PAEE for women: 49 ± 20 kJ·d−1·kg−1; for men: 59 ± 23 kJ·d−1·kg−1. Mean ± SD BMI for women: 26.5 ± 5.3 kg·m−2; for men: 27.3 ± 4.1 kg·m−2.
*P < 0.01.
**P < 0.05.