TABLE 3.
Sequentially adjusted multivariable analysis of estimated maximal oxygen consumption (V̇O2max) per kg fat free mass (mL O2·min−1·kg−1) by sociodemographic characteristics.
| Sex (N) | Women (5530) | Men (4980) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model | Count (%) | Unadjusted | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Count (%) | Unadjusted | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 |
| Reference mean | 59.3* (57.1; 61.5) | 59.1* (56.9; 61.3) | 59.5* (57.4; 61.7) | 61.7* (59.5; 63.8) | 61.7* (59.6; 63.7) | 62.3* (60.2; 64.3) | ||||
| Age group (yr) | ||||||||||
| 29–34 | 157 (2.8%) | 58.1 ± 8.8 | Reference | Reference | Reference | 136 (2.7%) | 61.0 ± 8.4 | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| 35–39 | 664 (12.0%) | 58.8 ± 10.1 | −0.7 (−2.8; 1.3) | −0.6 (−2.6; 1.4) | −0.9 (−2.8; 1.1) | 673 (13.5%) | 62.5 ± 9.5 | 0.3 (−1.6; 2.3) | 0.2 (−1.6; 2.1) | 0.1 (−1.7; 1.9) |
| 40–44 | 1104 (20.0%) | 58.8 ± 10.3 | −0.9 (−2.9; 1.1) | −0.4 (−2.3; 1.6) | −0.7 (−2.6; 1.2) | 950 (19.1%) | 62.6 ± 9.3 | 0.1 (−1.8; 2.0) | 0.3 (−1.5; 2.2) | 0.2 (−1.6; 2.0) |
| 45–49 | 1224 (22.1%) | 59.0 ± 11.4 | −0.7 (−2.7; 1.3) | 0.0 (−1.9; 2.0) | −0.3 (−2.2; 1.7) | 1053 (21.1%) | 62.4 ± 10.4 | −0.2 (−2.1; 1.7) | 0.4 (−1.4; 2.3) | 0.3 (−1.5; 2.1) |
| 50–54 | 1179 (21.3%) | 59.5 ± 12.4 | −0.2 (−2.2; 1.8) | 0.8 (−1.2; 2.7) | 0.5 (−1.4; 2.4) | 1006 (20.2%) | 61.4 ± 10.1 | −1.2 (−3.0; 0.7) | −0.1 (−1.9; 1.8) | −0.3 (−2.1; 1.5) |
| 55–59 | 921 (16.7%) | 59.8 ± 13.0 | −0.3 (−2.4; 1.7) | 0.9 (−1.1; 3.0) | 0.7 (−1.2; 2.7) | 892 (17.9%) | 61.6 ± 11.3 | −1.3 (−3.3; 0.6) | 0.2 (−1.7; 2.1) | 0.0 (−1.8; 1.9) |
| 60–64 | 281 (5.1%) | 59.7 ± 13.8 | −0.7 (−3.2; 1.7) | 0.8 (−1.6; 3.2) | 0.7 (−1.7; 3.0) | 270 (5.4%) | 60.8 ± 13.0 | −2.1 (−4.3; 0.1) | 0.1 (−2.1; 2.3) | 0.1 (−2.1; 2.2) |
| Ethnicity | ||||||||||
| White | 5144 (93.0%) | 59.4 ± 11.6 | Reference | Reference | Reference | 4634 (93.1%) | 62.2 ± 10.3 | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| South Asian | 61 (1.1%) | 60.2 ± 15.6 | 1.4 (−1.6; 4.3) | 2.1 (−0.8; 5.0) | 2.1 (−0.8; 5.0) | 70 (1.4%) | 61.8 ± 11.6 | 0.2 (−2.2; 2.7) | 1.0 (−1.4; 3.3) | 1.5 (−0.8; 3.8) |
| Black | 21 (0.4%) | 56.4 ± 13.1 | −2.9 (−7.9; 2.0) | −2.9 (−7.8; 1.9) | −3.6 (−8.4; 1.3) | 26 (0.5%) | 54.5 ± 11.7 | −7.5* (−11.5; −3.6) | −6.8* (−10.7; −3.0) | −7.1* (−10.9; −3.3) |
| East Asian | 38 (0.7%) | 61.8 ± 14.4 | 3.0 (−0.7; 6.7) | 3.5 (−0.1; 7.2) | 4.4** (0.8; 8.0) | 19 (0.4%) | 62.3 ± 12.5 | 1.3 (−3.4; 5.9) | 1.9 (−2.6; 6.4) | 2.9 (−1.5; 7.3) |
| Others or unknown | 266 (4.8%) | 54.2 ± 10.0 | −3.5* (−5.1; −2.0) | −3.2* (−4.8; −1.7) | −2.9* (−4.5; −1.4) | 231 (4.6%) | 58.7 ± 8.2 | −2.4* (−3.9; −0.9) | −1.9** (−3.4; −0.4) | −1.9** (−3.3; −0.4) |
| Education level | ||||||||||
| None | 28 (0.5%) | 57.6 ± 13.7 | −2.7 (−7.0; 1.7) | −2.8 (−7.0; 1.5) | −2.9 (−7.1; 1.4) | 18 (0.4%) | 62.6 ± 11.0 | −0.2 (−5.0; 4.6) | 0.8 (−3.9; 5.4) | 0.4 (−4.2; 5.0) |
| Basic | 1113 (20.1%) | 59.9 ± 13.0 | Reference | Reference | Reference | 790 (15.9%) | 62.9 ± 10.8 | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Further | 2486 (45.0%) | 59.1 ± 11.6 | −0.5 (−1.3; 0.4) | −0.6 (−1.4; 0.2) | −0.5 (−1.3; 0.3) | 2295 (46.1%) | 62.2 ± 10.5 | −0.4 (−1.3; 0.4) | −0.4 (−1.2; 0.4) | −0.4 (−1.3; 0.4) |
| Higher | 1903 (34.4%) | 58.9 ± 10.8 | −0.5 (−1.5; 0.4) | −0.9 (−1.8; 0.1) | −0.4 (−1.3; 0.6) | 1877 (37.7%) | 61.4 ± 9.8 | −0.8 (−1.8; 0.2) | −0.7 (−1.7; 0.2) | −0.3 (−1.3; 0.6) |
| Work type | ||||||||||
| Sedentary | 2665 (48.2%) | 58.7 ± 10.8 | Reference | Reference | Reference | 2639 (53.0%) | 61.7 ± 9.7 | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Standing | 1763 (31.9%) | 59.7 ± 12.1 | 0.8** (0.1; 1.5) | 0.1 (−0.6; 0.8) | −0.0 (−0.7; 0.7) | 665 (13.4%) | 62.7 ± 10.9 | 0.9 (−0.0; 1.8) | −0.1 (−0.9; 0.8) | −0.2 (−1.1; 0.6) |
| Manual | 407 (7.4%) | 60.4 ± 13.5 | 1.6* (0.4; 2.9) | 0.3 (−0.9; 1.5) | −0.0 (−1.2; 1.2) | 1419 (28.5%) | 62.5 ± 10.8 | 0.3 (−0.4; 1.1) | −1.6* (−2.3; −0.8) | −1.7* (−2.5; −1.0) |
| Retired | 159 (2.9%) | 59.8 ± 13.2 | 0.7 (−1.3; 2.7) | 0.2 (−1.8; 2.2) | 0.0 (−1.9; 2.0) | 111 (2.2%) | 59.6 ± 10.4 | −1.6 (−3.6; 0.4) | −2.4** (−4.4; −0.4) | −2.5** (−4.4; −0.5) |
| Unemployed | 58 (1.0%) | 59.8 ± 12.0 | 0.6 (−2.4; 3.6) | 0.6 (−2.4; 3.6) | −0.0 (−3.0; 2.9) | 60 (1.2%) | 59.3 ± 9.3 | −2.9** (−5.6; −0.3) | −3.1** (−5.7; −0.5) | −3.7* (−6.2; −1.1) |
| Unknown | 478 (8.6%) | 58.9 ± 11.8 | 0.1 (−1.0; 1.3) | −0.5 (−1.6; 0.7) | −0.4 (−1.5; 0.7) | 86 (1.7%) | 61.4 ± 14.4 | −0.3 (−2.6; 2.0) | 0.1 (−2.1; 2.3) | −0.2 (−2.4; 1.9) |
| Income | ||||||||||
| < £20,000 | 838 (15.2%) | 59.7 ± 12.6 | 0.2 (−0.7; 1.2) | 0.5 (−0.4; 1.5) | 0.6 (−0.4; 1.5) | 430 (8.6%) | 62.0 ± 11.8 | 0.6 (−0.5; 1.8) | 1.1** (0.0; 2.2) | 1.3** (0.2; 2.4) |
| £20,000–£40,000 | 1924 (34.8%) | 59.2 ± 11.7 | Reference | Reference | Reference | 1620 (32.5%) | 61.7 ± 10.9 | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| > £40,000 | 2617 (47.3%) | 58.9 ± 10.9 | 0.1 (−0.6; 0.8) | −0.1 (−0.8; 0.6) | −0.0 (−0.8; 0.7) | 2850 (57.2%) | 62.1 ± 9.6 | 0.8** (0.1; 1.5) | 0.6 (−0.1; 1.3) | 0.5 (−0.2; 1.2) |
| Unknown | 151 (2.7%) | 60.6 ± 15.9 | 1.4 (−0.5; 3.3) | 1.2 (−0.7; 3.1) | 1.2 (−0.7; 3.1) | 80 (1.6%) | 63.3 ± 11.9 | 1.6 (−0.7; 4.0) | 2.4** (0.1; 4.7) | 2.6** (0.3; 4.8) |
| Marital status | ||||||||||
| Single | 377 (6.8%) | 60.2 ± 11.5 | 0.7 (−0.6; 2.0) | 0.6 (−0.7; 1.9) | 0.5 (−0.7; 1.8) | 383 (7.7%) | 61.7 ± 11.4 | −0.4 (−1.5; 0.8) | −0.2 (−1.3; 0.9) | 0.2 (−0.9; 1.3) |
| Married/living as married | 3519 (63.6%) | 59.6 ± 11.8 | Reference | Reference | Reference | 3328 (66.8%) | 62.4 ± 10.4 | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Widowed/separated/divorced | 486 (8.8%) | 60.1 ± 12.0 | 0.5 (−0.7; 1.6) | 0.3 (−0.8; 1.5) | 0.3 (−0.9; 1.4) | 275 (5.5%) | 62.6 ± 10.4 | 0.4 (−0.9; 1.7) | 0.2 (−1.0; 1.4) | 0.2 (−1.0; 1.5) |
| Unknown | 1148 (20.8%) | 57.1 ± 10.8 | −2.1* (−2.9; −1.2) | −2.1* (−2.9; −1.2) | −2.1* (−3.0; −1.3) | 994 (20.0%) | 60.7 ± 9.4 | −1.6* (−2.5; −0.8) | −1.6* (−2.4; −0.8) | −1.5* (−2.3; −0.7) |
| Smoker status | ||||||||||
| Never smoked | 3126 (56.5%) | 58.8 ± 11.5 | Reference | Reference | Reference | 2608 (52.4%) | 61.7 ± 10.0 | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Ex-smoker | 1770 (32.0%) | 59.6 ± 11.7 | 0.7** (0.1; 1.4) | 0.5 (−0.2; 1.2) | 0.3 (−0.4; 0.9) | 1695 (34.0%) | 62.8 ± 10.5 | 1.2* (0.5; 1.8) | 1.0* (0.4; 1.6) | 0.7** (0.1; 1.3) |
| Current smoker | 573 (10.4%) | 59.7 ± 12.2 | 0.7 (−0.3; 1.8) | −0.3 (−1.3; 0.7) | −0.5 (−1.5; 0.5) | 628 (12.6%) | 61.3 ± 10.9 | −0.4 (−1.4; 0.5) | −1.5* (−2.4; −0.6) | −1.5* (−2.4; −0.6) |
| Unknown | 61 (1.1%) | 58.5 ± 11.0 | −0.1 (−3.0; 2.8) | −0.6 (−3.5; 2.3) | −1.0 (−3.8; 1.9) | 49 (1.0%) | 60.3 ± 9.2 | −1.0 (−3.9; 1.9) | −1.6 (−4.4; 1.2) | −1.8 (−4.5; 1.0) |
| Test site | ||||||||||
| Cambridge | 2044 (37.0%) | 59.4 ± 11.6 | Reference | Reference | Reference | 1982 (39.8%) | 61.7 ± 10.6 | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Ely | 2190 (39.6%) | 59.1 ± 12.0 | 0.5 (−0.2; 1.3) | 0.7 (−0.0; 1.5) | 0.5 (−0.2; 1.3) | 1833 (36.8%) | 62.4 ± 10.0 | 1.1* (0.4; 1.8) | 1.2* (0.5; 1.9) | 0.7** (0.0; 1.4) |
| Wisbech | 1296 (23.4%) | 60.7 ± 11.9 | 1.0** (0.1; 1.9) | 1.2* (0.3; 2.1) | 0.8 (−0.0; 1.7) | 1165 (23.4%) | 64.0 ± 10.8 | 2.0* (1.2; 2.8) | 1.9* (1.1; 2.7) | 1.2* (0.4; 2.0) |
| Seasonality | ||||||||||
| Spring | −0.1 (−0.5; 0.3) | −0.1 (−0.5; 0.3) | −0.1 (−0.5; 0.3) | −0.4 (−0.8; 0.0) | −0.3 (−0.7; 0.1) | −0.3 (−0.7; 0.1) | ||||
| Winter | −1.4* (−1.8; −1.0) | −1.2* (−1.7; −0.8) | −1.2* (−1.6; −0.8) | −0.4 (−0.8; 0.0) | −0.1 (−0.5; 0.3) | −0.1 (−0.5; 0.3) | ||||
| PAEE (kJ·d−1·kg−1) | 0.1* (0.1; 0.1) | 0.1* (0.1; 0.1) | 0.1* (0.1; 0.1) | 0.1* (0.1; 0.1) | ||||||
| BMI (kg·m−2) | 0.4* (0.3; 0.4) | 0.4* (0.4; 0.5) | ||||||||
The Fenland study 2005 to 2015.
Unadjusted values represent mean ± SD V̇O2max estimates computed within each substratum. Model values are mean (95% CI). Model 1 is mutually adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics. Model 2 is additionally adjusted for PAEE (kJ·d−1·kg−1). Model 3 is additionally adjusted for BMI (kg·m−2). Mean ± SD PAEE for women: 49 ± 20 kJ·d−1·kg−1; for men: 59 ± 23 kJ·d−1·kg−1. Mean ± SD BMI for women: 26.5 ± 5.3 kg·m−2; for men: 27.3 ± 4.1 kg·m−2.
*P < 0.01.
**P < 0.05.