Figure 8.

Nonvisual signals in primary visual cortex (V1). (a) The orientation tuning curve measured in head-fixed mice on a spherical treadmill shows a multiplicative increase (gain modulation) when the animal is moving versus stationary. Panel a adapted from Niell & Stryker (2010). (b) L6 neurons respond to vestibular input from rotation (top) and the corresponding rotation of the visual scene (middle), which summate and result in a signal representing head direction (bottom). Panel b adapted from Vélez-Fort et al. (2018). (c) Combining rich quantification of eye and body movements with neural recordings during ethological behavior, for example, cricket hunting, may allow investigation of visual and nonvisual signals in a natural context. Panel c adapted from Meyer et al. (2018) and Michaiel et al. (2020).