Table 2.
Targeted biomaterials for osteoarthritis treatment
| Materials | Targeted strategies | Targeted cells | Particle size | Drugs | Biological functions | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AuNPs | Small size | Synoviocytes | 5 nm | Not available | Reduced MMPs and LDH activity as well as HA concentration, but did not affect PGE2 levels | 129 |
| PEG-MnO2 NPs | Small size and cation | Chondrocytes | 10.92 nm | Not available | Down-regulate the transcription of various antioxidant genes such as superoxide dismutase to baseline levels to restore normal chondrocyte function | 130 |
| CPC | Cationic peptide | Chondrocytes | Not available | Not available | Provide sufficient electrostatic driving force to deliver the carrier into the articular cartilage space without affecting chondrocyte viability | 131 |
| mAv-Dex | Cationic Avidin | Chondrocytes | 7.6 nm | Dexamethasone | Lower IL-1α-induced GAG loss, chondrocyte death and ROS inflammatory response | 132 |
| Dendrimer-IGF-1 | Cationic polyamidoamine | Chondrocytes | Not available | Insulin-like growth factor 1 | Penetrate the entire layer of cartilage and prolong the residence time of IGF-1 to save cartilage from degeneration | 133 |
| HGdPDW | Cartilage affinity peptide (DWRVIIPPRPSA) | Chondrocytes | 110 nm | Hesperetin | Down-regulate TLR-2/NF-κB/Akt phosphorylation activation to resist chondrocyte apoptosis and ECM loss | 134 |
| PLGA NPs | Type II collagen-targeting peptide (WYRGRL) | Chondrocytes | 256 nm | Not available | Guide nanoparticles to bind tightly to chondrocytes for in vitro fluorescence imaging | 135 |
| CT-Fn/Met | Type II collagen-targeting peptide (WYRGRL) | Chondrocytes | 20 nm | Metformin | Significantly reduce the number of MMP-13 positive cells, bone flab formation and cartilage surface lesions | 23 |
| ctLP-NPs (MK) | Type II collagen-targeting peptide (WYRGRL) | Chondrocytes | 25 nm | MK-8722 | Repair cartilage structural damage and depress TNF-α and IL-6 concentrations in OA femurs | 136 |
| WPV-CuO NPs | Type II collagen-targeting peptide (WYRGRL), MSC-targeting peptide (VTAMEPGQ), MMP-2 sensitive sequence (GALGLP) | Chondrocytes, MSCs | 5 nm | Not available | Recruit MSCs to differentiate into chondrocytes and repress PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway to improve tissue damage | 137 |
| MAbCII liposome | Type II collagen antibodies | Chondrocytes | 200 nm | Not available | Guide the tail vein injection of liposomes to selectively accumulate in the articular cartilage at the OA lesion, rather than in healthy cartilage | 138 |
| MAbCII liposome | Type II collagen antibodies | Chondrocytes | 100 nm | Not available | Enhance joint aggregation with OA severity for in vivo real-time fluorescence imaging | 139 |
| MAbCII-siNPs | Type II collagen antibodies | Chondrocytes | 124 nm | MMP-13 siRNA | Targeted silence MMP-13 expression in mice to protect against cartilage damage and prevent ectopic calcification of synovium | 140 |
| HA-NPs | Bindng to CD44 | Chondrocytes | 221 ± 1 nm | Not available | Reduce NK-κB promoter activity and block CD44-induced expression of MMP3, MMP13 and COX2 | 141 |
| Nanoghosts | MSC membrane | Chondrocytes | 200 nm | Not available | Alleviate cartilage tissue damage and reduce production of multiple pro-inflammatory cytokines | 142 |
| AM2M | Macrophage membrane | Chondrocytes | 608.57 ± 11.37 nm | Chondroitin sulfate | Mimic physiological environment cytokine release to promote chondrocyte proliferation and restore articular cartilage GAG content | 143 |
| RGD-PEG-L | RGD peptide | Vascular endothelial cells | Not available | Dexamethasone sodium phosphate | Targeted deliver to blood vessels in areas of inflammation to enhance the efficacy of Dex-p | 144 |
| tBNPs-MTX | Synovial targeting peptide (CKSTHDRLC) | Synovial vascular endothelial cells | 160 nm | Methotrexate | Disrupt synovial neovascularization by promoting CD34+ endothelial cell death | 145 |
| SOD-NPs | Permeable porous polymersomes | Synovial fibroblasts | 120 nm | Superoxide dismutase | Reduce MMP-13 and Adamts-5 secretion after endocytosis by synovial fibroblasts to reduce synovitis | 146 |
| IL-1Ra NPs | IL-1 receptor antagonist | Synoviocytes | 270 ± 5 nm | Not available | Extend the joint retention of IL-1Ra and specifically block IL-1β-induced NK-κB activation | 147 |
| ZIF-8 NPs | Anti-CD16/32 antibody | Macrophages | 160 nm | S-methylisothiourea hemisulfate salt and catalase | Eliminate H2O2 and NO production in M1 macrophages and reprogram mitochondrial metabolism to facilitate M2 conversion | 148 |
| Rap-FA@MgDHIA | Folic acid | Macrophages | 3 nm | Rapamycin | Promote the conversion of M1 macrophages to M2 macrophages to reduce the inflammatory cell infiltration of synovium and synovitis score | 149 |
| CPHs | Folic acid | Macrophages | 270 ± 1 nm | CORM-401 | Release CO to deplete intracellular H2O2 and downregulate LPS-induced cellular inflammation to protect cartilage ECM from degradation | 150 |
| D-CuS@NR NPs | Neutrophil-erythrocyte membrane | Macrophages | 178 nm | Dexamethasone sodium phosphate | Extend the circulation time in vivo to adsorb plasma inflammatory factors and accumulate to the site of inflammation | 151 |
| DS-TA NPs | Binding to the scavenger receptor class A | Macrophages | 70 nm | Triamcinolone acetonide | Reduce expression of IL-1β and IL-6 in articular cartilage and restore bone remodeling in subchondral bone | 151 |