Table 2.
Comparison based on modified Torode classification
| Patient Characteristics | Torode I (n = 2) | Torode II (n = 5) | Torode IIIa (n = 21) | Torode IIIb (n = 25) | Torode IV (n = 12) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 14.5 ± 0.7 | 10.4 ± 4.4 | 13.4 ± 3.3 | 12.8 ± 4.5 | 15.7 ± 2.0 | 0.051 |
| Gender (male; female) | 2; 0 | 4; 1 | 12; 9 | 16; 9 | 6; 6 | 0.578 |
| Deceased, n (%) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (4.8) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.718 |
| Skeletal maturity (n, % closed triradiate cartilage) | 0 (0) | 1 (20) | 11 (52.4) | 15 (60) | 11 (91.7) | 0.036 |
| Hospital LOS (days) ± SD | 0 (0) | 10.2 ± 5.7 | 13.5 ± 18.3 | 13.2 ± 20.0 | 19.8 ± 22.2 | 0.034 |
| ICU stay, n (%) | 0 (0) | 1 (20) | 6 (28.6) | 14 (56) | 7 (58.3) | 0.124 |
| ICU LOS (days) ± SD | 0 (0) | 5 ± 11.2 | 1.3 ± 2.9 | 3.1 ± 4.5 | 5.1 ± 6.7 | 0.114 |
| Mean pelvic AIS score | 2 ± 0 | 3 ± 1 | 2.6 ± 0.9 | 3.0 ± 1.0 | 3.8 ± 1.1 | 0.039 |
| Pelvic AIS ≥ 4 (%) | 0 (0) | 2 (40) | 4 (19) | 11 (44) | 9 (75) | 0.022 |
| ISS, n (%) | ||||||
| Mean | 12 ± 5.7 | 19.6 ± 5.1 | 23.5 ± 14.1 | 32.0 ± 13.7 | 38.8 ± 11.3 | 0.003 |
| 4–8 | 1 (50) | 0 (0) | 4 (19) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.065 |
| 9–14 | 1 (50) | 1 (20) | 3 (14.3) | 1 (4) | 0 (0) | 0.119 |
| 15–24 | 0 (0) | 3 (60) | 7 (33.3) | 9 (36) | 1 (8.3) | 0.191 |
| 25–75 | 0 (0) | 1 (20) | 7 (33.3) | 15 (60) | 11 (91.7) | 0.004 |
| GCS (mean) ± SD | 15 ± 0 | 12 ± 4.2 | 11.3 ± 4.9 | 12.7 ± 3.7 | 12.7 ± 4.2 | 0.707 |
| Intubation (n, % yes) | 0 (0) | 2 (40) | 7 (33.3) | 8 (32) | 2 (16.7) | 0.683 |
| Probability of survival (%) ± SD | 99.65 ± 0.18 | 95.0 ± 5.9 | 92.0 ± 17.2 | 92.4 ± 12.4 | 90.4 ± 20.5 | 0.601 |
| Average time to FWB (weeks) ± SD | 0 ± 0 | 1.6 ± 2.6 | 4.8 ± 4.3 | 3.9 ± 3.1 | 8.3 ± 3.4 | 0.001 |
| Blood products, n (%) | 0 (0) | 2 (40) | 1 (4.8) | 8 (32) | 7 (58.3) | 0.014 |
| Non-pelvic orthopaedic operations, n (%) | 1 (50) | 3 (60) | 9 (42.9) | 6 (24) | 4 (33.3) | 0.483 |
| Pelvic operations, n (%) | 1 (50) | 1 (20) | 4 (19.0) | 3 (12) | 5 (41.7) | 0.261 |
| Mechanism of injury | ||||||
| MV vs MV | 0 (0) | 3 (60) | 7 (33.3) | 5 (20) | 8 (67.7) | 0.037 |
| MV vs Pedestrian | 0 (0) | 2 (40) | 11 (52.4) | 10 (40) | 4 (33.3) | 0.592 |
| Fall from height | 0 (0) | 0 | 2 (9.5) | 4 (16) | 0 (0) | 0.509 |
| Slipped | 0 (0) | 0 | 0 (0) | 4 (16) | 0 (0) | 0.146 |
| Other | 2 (100) | 0 | 1 (4.8) | 4 (16) | 0 (0) | 0.078 |
| Associated injuries by region, n (%) | ||||||
| Abdomen | 0 (0) | 2 (40) | 2 (9.5) | 5 (20) | 2 (16.7) | 0.511 |
| Spine | 1 (50) | 1 (20) | 1 (4.8) | 6 (24) | 0 (0) | 0.096 |
| Chest | 2 (50) | 3 (60) | 7 (33.3) | 11 (44) | 2 (16.7) | 0.128 |
| Head | 0 (0) | 3 (60) | 11 (52.4) | 8 (32) | 2 (16.7) | 0.144 |
| Non-pelvic skeletal fractures | 1 (50) | 4 (80) | 12 (57.1) | 16 (64) | 8 (66.7) | 0.885 |
| Pelvic injury, n (%) | ||||||
| Acetabular fracture | 0 (0) | 1 (20) | 7 (33.3) | 6 (24) | 4 (33.3) | 0.807 |
| Rami fracture | 0 (0) | 1 (20) | 13 (61.9) | 14 (56) | 3 (25) | 0.084 |
| Sacral fracture | 1 (50) | 1 (20) | 2 (9.5) | 5 (20) | 2 (16.7) | 0.631 |
| Multiple pelvic fractures | 0 (0) | 1 (20) | 9 (42.9) | 7 (28) | 5 (41.7) | 0.571 |
| Sacroiliac and pubis symphysis diastasis | 1 (50) | 2 (40) | 2 (9.5) | 6 (24) | 4 (33.3) | 0.340 |
p ≤ 0.05 values given in bold