. 2023 Jan 18;15(2):513–523. doi: 10.18632/aging.204492

Table 2. Hierarchical regression models predicting DNA methylation aging from BMI and covariates.

Variable	GrimAge β [CI_95%]	PhenoAge β [CI_95%]	Horvath DNAm age β [CI_95%]	Hannum DNAm age β [CI_95%]
Step 1
BMI	0.02 [−0.06, 0.07]	0.19^* [0.11, 0.27]**	0.08 [−0.05, 0.21]	0.02 [−0.06, 0.10]
Age	0.27^* [0.14, 0.38]**	0.15^ [0.05, 0.25]**	0.24^* [0.13, 0.34]**	0.17^ [0.07, 0.26]**
Female	−0.22^* [−0.313, −0.121]**	0.15^ [0.05, 0.26]**	−0.05 [−0.16, 0.07]	*0.13^ [0.01, 0.25]**
African American	0.13^ [0.041, 0.21]**	*−0.13^ [−0.23, -0.03]**	*−0.13^ [−0.24, −0.02]**	−0.24^* [−0.34, −0.13]**
Income-to-needs ratio	*−0.10^ [−0.18, -0.02]**	*−0.13^ [−0.23, -.02]**	−0.07 [−0.18, 0.03]	0.00 [−0.09, .10]
Parental education	−0.01 [−0.08, 0.05]	0.02 [−0.09, 0.13]	−0.01 [−0.11, 0.10]	−0.05 [−0.15, 0.05]
Smoking	0.20^* [0.10, 0.30]**	0.04 [−0.06, 0.14]	−0.02 [−0.13, 0.10]	−0.02 [−0.12, 0.08]
CD8T	−0.69^* [−1.04, −0.32]**	0.05 [−0.43, 0.54]	−0.57 [−1.23, 0.10]	0.21 [−0.46, 0.88]
CD4T	−1.53^* [−2.02, −1.00]**	0.16 [−0.37, 0.68]	*−0.87^ [−1.57, −0.18]**	0.80 [−0.52, 2.11]
Monocytes	−1.17^* [−1.55, −0.76]**	−0.05 [−0.45, 0.36]	−0.70^ [−1.20, −0.20]**	0.70 [−0.09, 1.49]
B cells	−1.62^* [−2.09, −1.13]**	−0.40 [−0.93, 0.12]	−1.08^* [−1.73, −0.42]**	*1.07^ [0.19, 1.94]**
Granular cells	−4.80^* [−6.07, −3.45]**	−0.74 [−2.19, 0.70]	−2.64^ [−4.51, −0.76]**	2.04 [−0.79, 4.87]
Step 2
BMI X Female	0.06 [−0.15, 0.28]	*−0.36^ [−0.69, −0.03]**	−0.35 [−.77, .07]	−0.36^ [−0.64, −0.09]**

Significant coefficients are bolded. Standardized coefficients and confidence intervals are shown. ^*p < .05, ^**p <.01, ^***p <.001.