Table 3. Hierarchical regression models predicting DNA methylation aging from waist circumference and covariates.

Variable	GrimAge β [CI95%]	PhenoAge β [CI95%]	Horvath DNAm age β [CI95%]	Hannum DNAm age β [CI95%]
Step 1
Waist	0.01 [−0.06, 0.07]	0.17*** [0.08, 0.26]	0.18** [0.08, 0.28]	0.04 [−0.05, 0.14]
Age	0.26*** [0.14, 0.38]	0.14** [0.04, 0.25]	0.24*** [0.13, 0.34]	0.17** [0.07, 0.26]
Female	−0.22*** [−0.31, −0.12]	0.17** [0.07, 0.27]	−0.05 [−0.16, 0.06]	0.13* [0.01, 0.25]
African American	0.13** [0.04, 0.21]	−0.11* [−0.22, −0.01]	−0.12* [−0.23, −0.01]	−0.24*** [−0.34, −0.13]
Income-to-needs ratio	−0.10* [−0.18, −0.02]	−0.11* [−0.22, −0.01]	−0.07 [−0.18, 0.04)	0.01 [−0.09, 0.10]
Parental education	−0.01 [−0.08, 0.05]	0.02 [−0.09, 0.14]	0.01 [−0.10, 0.11]	−0.05 [−0.15, 0.05]
Smoking	0.20*** [0.10, 0.30]	0.04 [−0.06, 0.14]	−0.02 [−0.13, 0.09]	−0.03 [−0.12, 0.07]
CD8T	−0.68*** [−1.04, −0.32]	0.07 [−0.42, 0.57]	−0.64 [−1.30, 0.03]	0.20 [−0.48, 0.87]
CD4T	−1.51*** [−2.02, −1.00]	0.20 [−0.34, 0.73]	−0.92** [−1.59, −0.25]	0.79 [−0.53, 2.09]
Monocytes	−1.16*** [−1.55, −0.76]	−0.05 [−0.47, 0.37]	−0.79** [−1.28, −0.30]	0.68 [−0.12, 1.47]
B cells	−1.61*** [−2.09, −1.13]	−0.43 [−0.97, 0.11]	−1.16*** [−1.81, −0.51]	1.05* [0.17, 1.93]
Granular cells	−4.76*** [−6.07, −3.45]	−0.72 [−2.19, 0.75]	−2.89** [−4.72, −1.07]	1.98 [−0.86, 4.82]
Step 2
Waist X Female	0.02 [−0.04, 0.15]	−0.22 [−0.71, 0.27]	−0.33 [−0.84, 0.19]	−0.76** [−1.22, −0.29]

Significant coefficients are bolded. Standardized coefficients and confidence intervals are shown. ^*p < 0.05, ^**p < 0.01, ^***p < .001.