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. 2023 Feb 13;9:7. doi: 10.1038/s41523-023-00508-3

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Panels A–C show the number of clinical trials in breast cancer since early 2000, by immunotherapeutic approach (A), by trial setting (B), and by trial phase (C). Panel D shows the major immune targets. Only targets present in two or more trials are represented. The complete list of targets is available in online Supplementary Table 1. Panel E shows the histogram of combination trials with PD-1/PD-L1 ICI backbone. ADC antibody-drug conjugates, ICI immune checkpoint inhibitors, mAbs monoclonal antibodies, Neo-adj neoadjuvant.