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. 2022 Nov 30;30(1):109–122. doi: 10.1177/15533506221143235

Table 3.

Patient-Related Outcomes: Summary of Results Following Preoperative Planning With iVR, Arranged by Study Design.

Study Study Design Description of Outcome Measurement Comparator Favours iVR or control
Operative Time (Quantitative; n = 4)
 Shirk et al., 2019b 29 RCT Review of intraoperative records CT or MRI alone Equivalent
 Parkhomenko et al., 2019 25 Historical control trial Review of intraoperative records CT alone Equivalent
 Shirk et al., 2019a 28 Historical control trial Review of intraoperative records CT or MRI alone Equivalent
 Xie et al., 2021 34 Historical control trial Review of intraoperative records CT alone iVR
Blood Loss (Quantitative; n = 4)
 Shirk et al., 2019b 29 RCT Review of intraoperative records CT or MRI alone Equivalent
 Parkhomenko et al., 2019 25 Historical control trial Review of intraoperative records CT alone iVR
 Shirk et al., 2019a 28 Historical control trial Review of intraoperative records CT or MRI alone Equivalent
 Xie et al., 2021 34 Historical control trial Review of intraoperative records CT alone Equivalent
Fluoroscopy Time (Quantitative; n = 2)
 Parkhomenko et al., 2019 25 Historical control trial Review of intraoperative records CT alone iVR
 Zhou et al. 2019 43 Cross-sectional (cadaveric) Records from simulated cadaveric operation No preoperative planning iVR
Complications (Quantitative; n = 4)
 Parkhomenko et al., 2019 25 Historical control trial Review of intraoperative records CT alone Equivalent
 Shirk et al., 2019a 28 Historical control trial Review of intraoperative records CT or MRI alone Equivalent
 Xie et al., 2021 34 Historical control trial Review of intra- and postoperative records CT alone iVR
 Sugiyama et al., 2021 30 Prospective study Review of postoperative records None ND
Length of Stay (Quantitative; n = 3)
 Shirk et al., 2019b 29 RCT Review of intraoperative records CT or MRI alone Equivalent
 Shirk et al., 2019a 28 Historical control trial Review of intraoperative records CT or MRI alone Equivalent
 Xie et al., 2021 34 Historical control trial Review of intraoperative records CT alone Equivalent

Abbreviations: CT = computerized tomography; iVR = immersive virtual reality; ND = not determinable (cannot determine superiority of one intervention) MRI = magnetic resonance imaging; RCT = randomized controlled trial.