Table 2.
Characteristics of the included studies.
| Author (year) | Country | Population (sample n) | eHLa measurement tool | Health-related behaviors measurement tool | Types of health-related behaviors | Risk of bias |
| An et al (2021) [52] | United States | Adults aged over 18 years (n=1074) | Coronavirus-related eHEALSb | 7 self-reported items | Infection prevention behaviors | 6 |
| Blackstock et al (2016) [47] | United States | HIV-infected adult women (n=63) | eHEALS | HIV Risk-Taking Behaviour Scale and Addiction Severity Index | High-risk sexual and drug use behaviors | 6 |
| Britt et al (2017) [34] | United States | College students (n=420) | eHEALS | Questions for the 8 health areas identified from the American College Health Association | Diet, exercise, sleep, harmful substances, vaccination, safe sex practices, social relationship, and overall health | 3 |
| Cho and Ha (2019) [48] | Korea | Adult outpatients with hypertension (n=156) | Korean version of eHEALS | Self-care behaviors measurement tool | Diet, weight control, stress management, alcohol and tobacco use, physical activity, and medication | 7 |
| Choi (2020) [42] | Korea | Older adults aged over 65 years (n=198) | Korean version of eHEALS | Adapted HPLPc Ⅱ | Health responsibility, physical activity, nutrition, spiritual development, interpersonal support, and stress management | 6 |
| Chuang et al (2019) [49] | Taiwan | Adults with heart failure (n=141) | Chinese version of eHEALS | 22-item instrument Self-Care of Heart Failure Index version 6.2 | Self-care maintenance, management, and confidence in heart failure | 6 |
| Cui et al (2021) [43] | China | Older adults aged over 60 years (n=1201) | Chinese version of eHEALS | HPLP | Self-actualization, health responsibility, exercise, nutrition, interpersonal support, and stress management | 8 |
| Guo et al (2021) [50] | Taiwan | Diabetes mellitus outpatients aged 20 to 65 years (n=249) | eHEALS | 36-item Diabetes Self-care Behavior questionnaire | Self-care activities related to diabetes mellitus | 4 |
| Gürkan and Ayar (2020) [31] | Turkey | High school students (n=219) | Turkish version of eHEALS | Adolescent Health Promotion Scale | Diet, life appreciation, social support, exercise, stress management, and health responsibility | 6 |
| Hsu et al (2014) [33] | Taiwan | College students (n=525) | eHLSd | Self-developed 12-item Health Behavior Scale | Diet, exercise, and sleep behaviors | 8 |
| Hwang and Kang (2019) [35] | Korea | College students (n=242) | eHL scale composed of functional, communicative, and critical eHL | Adapted HPLP Ⅱ | Health responsibility, physical activity, nutrition, spiritual development, interpersonal support, and stress management | 8 |
| Kim and Kim (2020) [51] | Korea | Cancer patients aged 19 to 64 years (n=76) | Adapted eHEALS | Adapted HPLP Ⅱ | Health responsibility, physical activity, nutrition, spiritual development, interpersonal support, and stress management | 6 |
| Kim and Son (2017) [53] | Korea | Young adults aged 18 to 39 years (n=230) | Korean version of eHEALS | 5-item validated Health-Related Behaviors Scale | Behaviors to prevent disease and promote health | 9 |
| Korkmaz Aslan et al (2021) [32] | Turkey | Students aged 14 to 19 years (n=409) | Turkish version of eHEALS | Adolescent Health Promotion Scale | Diet, life appreciation, social support, exercise, stress management, and health responsibility | 8 |
| Lee et al (2017) [54] | Korea | Adults aged 20 to 59 years (n=195) | Adapted eHEALS | Adapted HPLP Ⅱ | Health responsibility, physical activity, nutrition, spiritual development, interpersonal support, and stress management | 7 |
| Li et al (2021) [44] | China | Older adults aged over 60 years (n=2300) | Chinese version of eHEALS | HPLP | Self-actualization, health responsibility, exercise, nutrition, interpersonal support, and stress management | 8 |
| Li and Liu (2020) [55] | China | Internet users aged 20 to 60 years (n=802) | Chinese version of eHEALS | Self-developed 10-item protective behaviors measurement scale | COVID-19 prevention behaviors | 7 |
| Lin et al (2020) [41] | Iran | Older adults aged over 65 years with heart failure (n=468) | Persian version of eHEALS | 5-item self-reported Medication Adherence Report Scale | Medication adherence | 7 |
| Mitsutake et al (2012) [56] | Japan | Adult internet users aged 20 to 59 years (n=2970) | Japanese version of eHEALS | A question with “Yes” or “No” answer | Colorectal cancer screening test | 7 |
| Mitsutake et al (2016) [57] | Japan | Internet users aged 20 to 59 years (n=2115) | Japanese version of eHEALS | Self-developed questions | Cigarette smoking, physical exercise, alcohol consumption, sleeping hours, and dietary habits | 5 |
| Nam and Jung (2020) [36] | Korea | Korean and Chinese university students (n=240) | Adapted eHEALS | 15-item Adapted Health Behavior Scale | Diet, exercise, and sleep behaviors | 4 |
| Park et al (2014) [58] | United States | Adults aged over 18 years who had experience using the internet (n=108) | eHEALS | A question with “Yes” or “No” answer | Breast, cervical, colorectal, or prostate cancer screening tests | 3 |
| Rabenbauer and Mevenkamp (2021) [59] | Germany and Austria | Facebook users aged over 18 years (n=224) | eHEALS | Healthy lifestyle and personal control questionnaire | Diet, daily time management, physical exercise, social support, and positive thinking | 5 |
| Ryu (2019) [45] | Korea | Older adults aged over 65 years (n=99) | Korean version of eHEALS | A tool for measuring the health behavior of elderly people | Diet, exercise, restriction of cigarette smoking or alcohol use, stress management, and disease prevention | 7 |
| Song and Shin (2020) [46] | Korea | Older adults aged over 65 years using the internet (n=102) | Korean version of eHEALS | Adapted HPLP Ⅱ | Health responsibility, physical activity, nutrition, spiritual development, interpersonal support, and stress management | 8 |
| Tariq et al (2020) [37] | Pakistan | College students (n=505) | eHEALS | Self-developed and validated questions on health behaviors | Physical activity and use of dietary supplements | 4 |
| Tsukahara S et al (2020) [38] | Japan | University students (n=3183) | Japanese version of eHEALS | Self-developed questions | Exercise, breakfast, smoking, alcohol consumption, and hours of sleep | 6 |
| Yang et al (2017) [39] | Taiwan | College students (n=556) | eHLS | Health-Promoting Lifestyle Scale | Self-actualization, health responsibility, interpersonal support, exercise, nutrition, and stress management | 8 |
| Yang et al (2019) [40] | Taiwan | College students (n=813) | eHLS | 14-item Dietary Behaviors Scale | Dietary habits | 7 |
aeHL: eHealth literacy.
beHEALS: eHealth Literacy Scale.
cHPLP: Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile.
deHLS: 12-item eHealth Literacy Scale.