Table 2. Change in BMI z-Score Following Implementation of the Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act of 2010 Overall and in Subgroupsa.
| Characteristic | Annual change in BMI z score (95% CI) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Preintervention period | Postintervention period | Postintervention period vs preintervention period | |
| Overall (N = 14 121) | 0.004 (−0.002 to 0.010) | −0.036 (−0.060 to −0.012) | −0.041 (−0.066 to −0.016) |
| US census region (n = 14 112) | |||
| Northeast | 0.026 (0.017 to 0.035) | 0 (−0.026 to 0.025) | −0.026 (−0.051 to 0) |
| Midwest | 0.003 (−0.006 to 0.012) | −0.007 (−0.033 to 0.018) | −0.010 (−0.036 to 0.016) |
| South | −0.003 (−0.027 to 0.021) | 0.006 (−0.023 to −0.035) | 0.009 (−0.021 to 0.038) |
| West | −0.037 (−0.056 to −0.018) | −0.046 (−0.071 to −0.020) | −0.009 (−0.037 to 0.019) |
| Age group (n = 14 121), y | |||
| 5-11 | −0.0003 (−0.008 to 0.007) | −0.034 (−0.059 to −0.010) | −0.034 (−0.059 to −0.009) |
| 12-18 | 0.016 (0.005 to 0.027) | −0.029 (−0.055 to −0.003) | −0.045 (−0.071 to −0.018) |
| Sex (n = 14 121) | |||
| Female | 0.015 (0.007 to 0.023) | −0.031 (−0.055 to 0.006) | −0.046 (−0.070 to −0.020) |
| Male | −0.005 (−0.013 to 0.003) | −0.042 (−0.066 to −0.018) | −0.037 (−0.062 to −0.012) |
| Median annual household income (n = 9565) | |||
| <$50 000 | 0.007 (−0.002 to 0.017) | −0.031 (−0.056 to −0.006) | −0.038 (−0.063 to −0.013) |
| ≥$50 000 | −0.0042 (−0.037 to 0.012) | −0.037 (−0.061 to −0.013) | −0.041 (−0.066 to −0.016) |
| Baseline BMI category (n = 14 121)b | |||
| Underweight or normal | −0.007 (−0.012 to −0.002) | −0.010 (−0.026 to 0.006) | −0.003 (−0.02 to 0.013) |
| Overweight or obesity | 0.009 (0.004 to 0.014) | 0.002 (−0.014 to 0.018) | −0.008 (−0.024 to 0.009) |
Abbreviation: BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared).
a
All models were adjusted for self-reported race, Hispanic ethnicity, cohort group, and maternal educational level. Each subgroup model was also adjusted for the corresponding covariate as a main effect in addition to including the appropriate interaction terms.
b
A BMI of less than 18.5 indicated underweight; 18.5 to less than 25.0, normal weight; 25.0 to less than 30.0, overweight; and 30.0 or more, obesity.