. 2023 Feb 14:1–10. Online ahead of print. doi: 10.1007/s10389-023-01842-3

Table 1.

The descriptive characteristics of the participants and their distribution according to the WLQ general and sub-dimensional scores (N = 332)

	Variables	N (%)	General	Commitment	Effectiveness	Development	Atmosphere	Management
	Variables	N (%)	Mean ±SD	Mean ±SD	Mean ±SD	Mean ±SD	Mean ±SD	Mean ±SD
Gender	Male	78 (23.5%)	50.63± 9.00^*	12.06± 2.14^**	8.45± 1.50	8.94± 1.20	7.49± 1.78^*	13.69± 4.62
Gender	Female	254 (76.5%)	47.94± 9.23	11.15± 2.41	8.11± 1.56	8.74± 1.28	6.98± 1.88	12.97± 4.53
Age	<35 years	184 (55.4%)	47.20± 9.63^**	11.08± 2.45^*	8.00± 1.55^**	8.70± 1.30	6.76± 1.95^***	12.66± 4.86^*
Age	≥35 years	148 (44.6%)	50.28± 8.44	11.72± 2.23	8.43± 1.52	8.89± 1.20	7.52± 1.68	13.74± 4.08
Occupation	Physician	48 (14.5%)	50.54± 9.02	11.85± 2.17	8.17± 1.75	8.83± 1.33	7.40± 1.43	14.29± 4.74
	Midwife/Nurse	180 (54.2%)	47.91± 8.96	11.10± 2.37	8.09± 1.47	8.79± 1.24	7.04± 1.89	12.88± 4.44
	Other healthcare employees	104 (31.3%)	48.83± 9.73	11.59± 2.44	8.38± 1.58	8.75± 1.28	7.06± 2.00	13.06± 4.64
Professional seniority	<10 years	152 (45.8%)	47.09± 9.80^**	11.12± 2.38	7.95± 1.58^**	8.61± 1.29^*	6.72± 1.90^***	12.68± 4.93
Professional seniority	≥10 years	180 (54.2%)	49.83± 8.55	11.57± 2.36	8.39± 1.50	8.93± 1.22	7.42± 1.79	13.53± 4.19
Employed institution	Primary health care	153 (46.1%)	50.92±8.05^***	11.75±2.18^*	8.44±1.41^*	8.86±1.15	7.44±1.74^**	14.43±3.88^***
Employed institution	Secondary healthcare	179 (53.9%)	46.58±9.72	11.03±2.49	7.98±1.63	8.72±1.35	6.80±1.93	12.04±4.81
Way of working	During the day	166 (50.0%)	51.29± 8.10^***	11.89± 2.29^***	8.44± 1.54^**	8.88± 1.20	7.54± 1.66^***	14.54± 3.86^***
Way of working	Shift/ watch	166 (50.0%)	45.86± 9.51	10.83± 2.35	7.94± 1.52	8.69± 1.32	6.66± 1.96	11.75± 4.77
Covid-19 diagnosis	No	247 (74.4%)	49.41± 8.70^**	11.53± 2.29^*	8.31± 1.48^*	8.85± 1.20	7.20± 1.80	13.53± 4.35^*
Covid-19 diagnosis	Yes	85 (25.6%)	46.14± 10.30	10.88± 2.57	7.85± 1.69	8.60± 1.42	6.80± 2.02	12.01± 4.95
Increased workload	No	96 (28.9%)	52.99± 7.62^***	12.35± 1.93^***	8.66± 1.26^***	9.01± 1.16^*	7.76± 1.60^***	15.21± 3.71^***
Increased workload	Yes	236 (71.1%)	46.78± 9.24	10.96± 2.42	8.00± 1.62	8.69± 1.29	6.83± 1.90	12.30± 4.61
Working outside the job description	No	61 (18.4%)	53.39± 9.21^***	12.39± 2.12^***	8.56± 1.70^*	9.25± 1.07^**	7.98± 1.68^***	15.21± 4.36^***
Working outside the job description	Yes	271 (81.6%)	47.49± 8.90	11.13± 2.37	8.11± 1.51	8.68± 1.28	6.90± 1.85	12.68± 4.47
The desire to quit the job	No	140 (42.2%)	51.88± 8.30^***	12.15± 2.12^***	8.65± 1.32^***	9.06± 1.04^**	7.64± 1.76^***	14.37± 4.10^***
The desire to quit the job	Yes	192 (57.8%)	46.17± 9.16	10.79± 2.39	7.85± 1.62	8.58± 1.37	6.70± 1.85	12.24± 4.67
Working conditions	Heavy	266 (80.1%)	48.00±9.40^*	11.26±2.36	8.17±1.56	8.76±1.30	7.00±1.92	12.81±4.67^*
Working conditions	Mild or moderate	66 (19.9%)	50.88±8.19	11.76±2.42	8.27±1.51	8.86±1.09	7.52±1.58	14.47±3.83
Perceived income	Insufficient	300 (90.4%)	47.94±9.19^***	11.21±2.37^***	8.14±1.56	8.77±1.26	7.01±1.88^*	12.81±4.58^***
Perceived income	Sufficient	32 (9.6%)	54.56±7.44	12.75±1.92	8.69±1.38	8.94±1.32	7.91±1.55	16.28±2.88

^*p < .05, ^**p < .01, ^***p < .001. Mann–Whitney U test. Kruskal Wallis variance analysis