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. 2023 Feb 13;21:35. doi: 10.1186/s12964-023-01045-z

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — Biogenesis and isolation of extracellular vesicles from brain tissue. a Schematic representation of the biogenesis of three types of extracellular vesicles (EVs): microvesicles, apoptotic bodies, and exosomes. On the one hand, microvesicles arise from the budding of the plasma membrane, while apoptotic bodies originate from cell blebbing. On the other hand, exosomes are released upon multivesicular bodies (MVB) fusion with the plasma membrane. MVBs develop following invagination of early endosomes with intraluminal vesicles (ILVs). These ILVs can be degraded upon fusion with lysosomes or released as exosomes. MVB-derived exosome biogenesis can involve the ESCRT machinery or occur via an ESCRT-independent pathway. b Schematic representation of the main idea of the 2 methods compared in the current studies: the standard method which includes chemical and mechanical (e.g., papain) digestion of the brain tissue and the release method for brain sEVs collection, which isolates EVs that are spontaneously released by the brain tissue