Table 2.
Dietary intakes of cases and controls across low and high adherence of DASH diet
| Control | Case | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low (n = 37) | High (n = 68) | P value | Low (n = 72) | High (n = 33) | P value | |
| DASH diet subcategories | ||||||
| Fruits (g/d) | 4.67 ± 1.97 | 7.47 ± 2.20 | < 0.001 | 3.09 ± 2.07 | 6.36 ± 2.46 | < 0.001 |
| Vegetables (g/d) | 266.95 ± 78.65 | 447.66 ± 143.61 | < 0.001 | 208.07 ± 78.91 | 440.27 ± 321.26 | < 0.001 |
| Nuts and legumes (g/d) | 125.53 ± 60.17 | 164.11 ± 77.17 | 0.01 | 87.81 ± 35.71 | 112.69 ± 57.53 | 0.01 |
| Low-fat dairy (g/d) | 185.28 ± 63.53 | 350.18 ± 138.59 | < 0.001 | 145.83 ± 101.80 | 314.54 ± 134.49 | < 0.001 |
| Whole grains (g/d) | 46.90 ± 66.98 | 81.02 ± 111.26 | 0.09 | 22.14 ± 33.68 | 115.39 ± 114.67 | < 0.001 |
| Sodium (mg/d) | 4.18 ± 1.62 | 3.19 ± 3.57 | 0.11 | 4.25 ± 2.65 | 3.66 ± 1.88 | 0.26 |
| Red meat (g/d) | 30.47 ± 11.28 | 21.79 ± 20.08 | 0.01 | 38.00 ± 8.91 | 21.30 ± 13.85 | < 0.001 |
| Sweetened beverages (g/d) | 146.13 ± 386.34 | 121.06 ± 267.43 | 0.69 | 38.97 ± 31.13 | 21.28 ± 36.12 | 0.01 |
| Dietary intakes | ||||||
| Energy (kcal) | 1609.46 ± 254.47 | 1370.40 ± 325.37 | < 0.001 | 1423.22 ± 235.42 | 1364.38 ± 287.03 | 0.27 |
| Macronutrients | ||||||
| Protein (g) | 50.93 ± 7.04 | 46.83 ± 11.17 | 0.04 | 45.34 ± 6.63 | 46.73 ± 10.57 | 0.42 |
| Carbohydrate (g) | 286.61 ± 58.54 | 241.15 ± 66.74 | 0.001 | 250.32 ± 37.58 | 236.95 ± 48.58 | 0.13 |
| Fat (g) | 35.39 ± 6.73 | 31.00 ± 6.47 | 0.002 | 33.30 ± 9.29 | 32.34 ± 8.74 | 0.62 |
| Fat subcategories | ||||||
| Cholesterol (g) | 8.70 ± 8.79 | 8.12 ± 11.30 | 0.79 | 5.32 ± 3.56 | 5.02 ± 6.71 | 0.77 |
| SFA (g) | 6.76 ± 1.30 | 5.95 ± 1.56 | 0.009 | 6.22 ± 1.72 | 5.75 ± 1.84 | 0.21 |
| MUFA (g) | 11.84 ± 2.69 | 10.41 ± 2.63 | 0.01 | 11.31 ± 3.68 | 10.49 ± 3.06 | 0.27 |
| PUFA (g) | 10.70 ± 2.12 | 10.19 ± 1.87 | 0.20 | 10.32 ± 1.90 | 10.89 ± 3.78 | 0.32 |
| Oleic acid (g) | 11.50 ± 2.62 | 10.00 ± 2.38 | 0.004 | 11.01 ± 3.55 | 10.30 ± 3.04 | 0.32 |
| Linoleic acid (g) | 9.62 ± 1.83 | 9.07 ± 1.58 | 0.11 | 9.22 ± 1.67 | 9.87 ± 3.71 | 0.23 |
| Linolenic acid (g) | 0.91 ± 0.28 | 0.92 ± 0.32 | 0.84 | 0.92 ± 0.24 | 0.87 ± 0.32 | 0.47 |
| Minerals | ||||||
| Sodium (mg) | 3991.56 ± 691.60 | 3081.65 ± 925.41 | < 0.001 | 3764.85 ± 1136.80 | 3480.92 ± 883.52 | 0.21 |
| Potassium (mg) | 1716.65 ± 418.61 | 1725.28 ± 449.35 | 0.92 | 1652.28 ± 257.03 | 1729.52 ± 467.58 | 0.29 |
| Calcium (mg) | 386.98 ± 77.75 | 448.01 ± 62.49 | < 0.001 | 377.62 ± 76.05 | 408.14 ± 62.78 | 0.03 |
| Iron (mg) | 16.05 ± 2.17 | 14.47 ± 2.75 | 0.004 | 14.78 ± 1.89 | 14.87 ± 2.55 | 0.85 |
| Phosphorus (mg) | 953.96 ± 137.22 | 890.58 ± 189.50 | 0.07 | 899.73 ± 121.97 | 920.51 ± 201.27 | 0.52 |
| Magnesium (mg) | 359.20 ± 67.66 | 349.44 ± 69.84 | 0.49 | 345.09 ± 48.83 | 378.49 ± 121.04 | 0.05 |
| Zinc (mg) | 8.36 ± 1.42 | 8.07 ± 1.61 | 0.36 | 7.70 ± 1.18 | 9.01 ± 4.51 | 0.02 |
| Copper (mg) | 1.61 ± 0.26 | 1.51 ± 0.25 | 0.05 | 1.51 ± 0.22 | 1.60 ± 0.32 | 0.10 |
| Selenium (microgram) | 130.95 ± 20.22 | 116.64 ± 34.76 | 0.02 | 122.87 ± 19.97 | 124.38 ± 30.70 | 0.76 |
| Water soluble vitamins | ||||||
| C (mg) | 9.22 ± 6.48 | 14.53 ± 7.11 | < 0.001 | 8.30 ± 3.17 | 10.43 ± 4.30 | 0.01 |
| B1 (mg) | 1.89 ± 0.31 | 1.62 ± 0.39 | < 0.001 | 1.68 ± 0.25 | 1.65 ± 0.32 | 0.69 |
| B2 (mg) | 1.09 ± 0.18 | 0.92 ± 0.21 | < 0.001 | 0.97 ± 0.17 | 0.95 ± 0.16 | 0.58 |
| B3 (mg) | 17.82 ± 2.57 | 15.19 ± 3.38 | < 0.001 | 16.19 ± 2.57 | 15.93 ± 2.90 | 0.65 |
| B5 (mg) | 2.61 ± 0.53 | 2.42 ± 0.68 | 0.14 | 2.39 ± 0.67 | 2.64 ± 0.71 | 0.08 |
| B6 (mg) | 0.78 ± 0.18 | 0.74 ± 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.78 ± 0.12 | 0.79 ± 0.16 | 0.75 |
| B9 (microgram) | 380.15 ± 111.88 | 445.12 ± 115.97 | 0.006 | 349.61 ± 62.77 | 371.32 ± 66.59 | 0.12 |
| B12 (microgram) | 0.19 ± 0.15 | 0.17 ± 0.20 | 0.63 | 0.13 ± 0.07 | 0.10 ± 0.12 | 0.17 |
| Fat soluble vitamins | ||||||
| A (RAE) | 20.02 ± 18.58 | 24.12 ± 11.62 | 0.17 | 15.70 ± 11.38 | 24.76 ± 11.85 | < 0.001 |
| E (mg) | 4.48 ± 1.98 | 4.10 ± 1.80 | 0.32 | 3.91 ± 0.91 | 4.00 ± 1.09 | 0.66 |
| K (microgram) | 13.03 ± 5.04 | 13.52 ± 4.67 | 0.62 | 11.49 ± 2.98 | 13.73 ± 6.01 | 0.04 |
| Simple carbohydrates | ||||||
| Fructose (g) | 16.20 ± 19.62 | 14.52 ± 13.56 | 0.61 | 11.85 ± 2.71 | 10.30 ± 2.60 | 0.008 |
| Sucrose (g) | 15.22 ± 8.96 | 9.68 ± 5.47 | < 0.001 | 16.00 ± 7.12 | 11.08 ± 6.68 | 0.001 |
| Glucose (g) | 14.81 ± 18.64 | 13.37 ± 12.69 | 0.64 | 10.78 ± 2.64 | 9.14 ± 2.48 | 0.004 |
| Total fiber (g) | 41.81 ± 11.97 | 37.80 ± 8.65 | 0.05 | 38.39 ± 6.87 | 36.20 ± 7.63 | 0.15 |
Data are presented as mean ± SD. Low and high adherence of median of DASH diet are shown
Independent T test was used
Significant items with a P value ≤ 0.05 are bolded
SFA Saturated fatty acids, PUFA Poly unsaturated fatty acids, MUFA Monounsaturated fatty acids