Table 4.

Odds ratio and 95% confidence intervals of diabetic nephropathy according to following DASH diet among subjects

DASH diet
Variables	Low	High OR (95% CI)	P value
N (case/control)	(72/37)	(33/68)	–
DASH score
Crude model	1.00 (Ref)	0.26 (0.14–0.47)	< 0.001
Model 1	1.00 (Ref)	0.20 (0.10–0.38)	< 0.001
Model 2	1.00 (Ref)	0.16 (0.07–0.34)	< 0.001
Vegetables (g/d)
Crude model	1.00 (Ref)	0.27 (0.15–0.48)	< 0.001
Model 1	1.00 (Ref)	0.24 (0.13–0.43)	< 0.001
Model 2	1.00 (Ref)	0.20 (0.10–0.39)	< 0.001
Fruits (g/d)
Crude model	1.00 (Ref)	0.23 (0.13–0.42)	< 0.001
Model 1	1.00 (Ref)	0.17 (0.08–0.32)	< 0.001
Model 2	1.00 (Ref)	0.12 (0.05–0.26)	< 0.001
Nuts and legumes (g/d)
Crude model	1.00 (Ref)	0.17 (0.09–0.32)	< 0.001
Model 1	1.00 (Ref)	0.15 (0.08–0.30)	< 0.001
Model 2	1.00 (Ref)	0.13 (0.06–0.28)	< 0.001
Low-fat dairy
Crude model	1.00 (Ref)	0.36 (0.20–0.63)	< 0.001
Model 1	1.00 (Ref)	0.33 (0.18–0.60)	< 0.001
Model 2	1.00 (Ref)	0.27 (0.14–0.52)	< 0.001
Whole grains (g/d)
Crude model	1.00 (Ref)	0.55 (0.31–0.96)	0.03
Model 1	1.00 (Ref)	0.58 (0.32–1.14)	0.06
Model 2	1.00 (Ref)	0.51 (0.27–0.95)	0.03
Sodium (mg/d)
Crude model	1.00 (Ref)	0.61 (0.32–1.17)	0.14
Model 1	1.00 (Ref)	0.63 (0.32–1.22)	0.17
Model 2	1.00 (Ref)	0.77 (0.37–1.57)	0.47
Red meat (g/d)
Crude model	1.00 (Ref)	1.31 (0.17–0.55)	0.12
Model 1	1.00 (Ref)	1.27 (0.15–0.50)	< 0.001
Model 2	1.00 (Ref)	1.20 (0.10–0.41)	< 0.001
Sweetened beverages
Crude model	1.00 (Ref)	1.12 (0.65–1.94)	0.67
Model 1	1.00 (Ref)	1.02 (0.57–1.82)	0.92
Model 2	1.00 (Ref)	1.15 (0.62–2.15)	0.64

Logistic regression was used. Significant items with a P value ≤ 0.05 are bolded

Data are presented as odds ratio (95% confidence interval)

Lower and higher adherence of median of DASH diet are shown

Model 1: Adjusted for energy intake, age, physical activity, body mass index

Model 2: model 1 + diabetes duration, cardiovascular diseases history, and drug usage (angiotensin receptor blockers; angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, beta-blockers, metformin, sulphonyl urea, and insulin)