Table 5.

Association between DASH-style diet and biochemical markers of participants

Variables	DASH score			Vegetables			Fruits			Nuts and Legumes			Low fat dairy
	β	95% CI	P value	β	95% CI	P value	β	95% CI	P value	β	95% CI	P value	β	95% CI	P value
FBS
Crude	− 7.92	− 29.67 to 13.82	0.47	− 10.68	− 31.13 to 9.95	0.30	− 6.67	− 27.67 to 14.31	0.53	− 12.73	− 37.89 to 12.42	0.31	− 5.31	− 26.03 to 15.39	0.61
Model 1	− 3.82	− 25.08 to 17.43	0.72	− 11.53	− 31.32 to 8.24	0.25	− 7.28	− 27.51 to 12.93	0.47	− 14.84	− 38.96 to 9.28	0.22	− 8.22	− 28.25 to 11.80	0.41
Model 2	0.54	− 19.82 to 20.92	0.95	− 9.52	− 28.49 to 9.43	0.32	− 5.98	− 25.78 to 13.82	0.55	− 17.21	− 40.84 to 6.43	0.15	− 1.83	− 22.84 to 19.17	0.86
TG
Crude	8.07	− 19.79 to 35.94	0.56	− 1.78	− 28.69 to 25.12	0.89	8.71	− 18.53 to 35.95	0.52	8.82	− 23.33 to 40.98	0.58	− 17.13	− 43.83 to 9.57	0.20
Model 1	7.82	− 20.28 to 35.94	0.58	− 1.81	− 28.61 to 24.99	0.89	9.47	− 17.74 to 36.69	0.49	11.28	− 20.97 to 43.53	0.48	− 15.54	− 42.40 to 11.32	0.25
Model 2	9.18	− 20.54 to 38.91	0.54	− 1.16	− 29.01 to 26.66	0.93	11.06	− 17.04 to 39.16	0.43	8.19	− 25.32 to 41.72	0.62	− 15.11	− 44.80 to 14.58	0.31
HDL
Crude	− 1.06	− 4.86 to 2.74	0.58	0.09	− 3.69 to 3.89	0.96	− 0.50	− 4.35 to 3.34	0.79	2.32	− 2.18 to 6.84	0.30	− 1.34	− 5.12 to 2.44	0.48
Model 1	− 1.05	− 4.94 to 2.84	0.59	0.05	− 3.79 to 3.90	0.97	− 0.62	− 4.54 to 3.28	0.75	2.08	− 2.50 to 6.68	0.36	− 1.48	− 5.36 to 2.38	0.44
Model 2	− 0.49	− 4.18 to 3.19	0.79	0.20	− 3.48 to 3.89	0.91	− 0.53	− 4.27 to 3.19	0.77	2.72	− 1.56 to 7.01	0.21	− 0.34	− 4.29 to 3.61	0.86
LDL
Crude	− 5.07	− 18.47 to 8.32	0.45	− 7.22	− 20.16 to 5.71	0.27	− 6.009	− 19.16 to 7.14	0.36	4.31	− 11.29 to 19.93	0.58	− 7.77	− 20.70 to − 5.15	0.23
Model 1	− 5.14	− 18.86 to 8.57	0.45	− 7.39	− 20.51 to 5.72	0.26	− 5.50	− 18.89 to 7.88	0.41	4.42	− 11.45 to 20.30	0.58	− 7.61	− 20.84 to − 5.61	0.25
Model 2	− 5.41	− 18.69 to 7.87	0.42	0.28	− 19.83 to 5.81	0.28	− 4.54	− 17.65 to 8.56	0.49	6.47	− 8.88 to 21.83	0.40	− 16.28	− 29.7 to − 2.77	0.01
Total cholesterol
Crude	− 4.37	− 20.48 to 11.72	0.59	− 6.65	− 22.23 to 8.90	0.39	− 10.31	− 26.03 to 5.39	0.19	6.04	− 12.53 to 24.63	0.52	− 3.82	− 19.42 to 11.77	0.62
Model 1	− 4.12	− 20.60 to 12.36	0.62	− 6.42	− 22.29 to 9.36	0.42	− 10.27	− 26.30 to 5.76	0.20	6.64	− 12.29 to 25.58	0.48	− 4.04	− 20.04 to 11.59	0.61
Model 2	− 6.58	− 22.49 to 9.32	0.41	− 7.74	− 23.07 to 7.57	0.31	− 10.13	− 25.85 to 5.59	0.20	7.78	− 10.69 to 26.17	0.40	− 11.54	− 28.17 to 5.07	0.17
HbA1C
Crude	− 0.41	− 1.002 − .18	0.17	− 0.54	− 1.11 to 0.02	0.06	− 0.18	− 0.77 to 0.39	0.52	− 0.20	− 0.90 to 0.50	0.57	− 0.20	− 0.77 to 0.37	0.49
Model 1	− 0.30	− 0.89 to 0.27	0.29	− 0.56	− 1.11 to − 0.02	0.04	− 0.19	− 0.75 to 0.36	0.49	− 0.25	− 0.92 to 0.41	0.44	− 0.29	− 0.84 to 0.26	0.30
Model 2	− 0.31	− 0.90 to 0.27	0.28	− 0.55	− 1.09 to − 0.004	0.04	− 0.18	− 0.75 to 0.37	0.51	− 0.20	− 0.88 to 0.48	0.55	− 0.32	− 0.92 to 0.27	0.28
Creatinine
Crude	− 0.08	− 0.14 to 0.01	0.02	− 0.02	− 0.08 to 0.04	0.51	− 0.06	− 0.12 to 0.004	0.06	− 0.03	− 0.11 to 0.04	0.43	− 0.01	− 0.08 to 0.05	0.63
Model 1	− 0.07	− 0.14 to − 0.007	0.03	− 0.02	− 0.09 to 0.04	0.50	− 0.06	− 0.13 to 0.005	0.06	− 0.03	− 0.11 to 0.04	0.40	− 0.01	− 0.08 to 0.05	0.59
Model 2	− 0.08	− 0.15 to − 0.01	0.01	− 0.02	− 0.09 to 0.04	0.45	− 0.06	− 0.13 to − 0.001	0.04	− 0.03	− 0.12 to 0.04	0.37	− 0.04	− 0.11 to 0.02	0.17
BUN
Crude	0.08	− 1.88 to 2.05	0.93	− 0.95	− 2.80 to 0.90	0.31	− 0.52	− 2.41 to 1.35	0.57	− 0.91	− 3.16 to 1.34	0.42	1.28	− 0.55 to 3.13	0.17
Model 1	0.20	− 1.81 to 2.22	0.83	− 0.97	− 2.85 to 0.91	0.30	− 0.56	− 2.49 to 1.36	0.56	− 0.93	− 3.23 to 1.37	0.42	1.29	− 0.60 to 3.19	0.17
Model 2	− 0.11	− 2.08 to 1.85	0.91	− 1.06	− 2.89 to 0.75	0.24	− 0.69	− 2.55 to 1.16	0.45	− 0.66	− 2.88 to 1.55	0.55	0.60	− 1.36 to 2.57	0.54
ACR
Crude	− 22.07	− 69.57 to 25.43	0.35	− 45.05	− 90.95 to 0.84	0.05	− 39.54	− 86.32 to 7.23	0.09	− 76.73	− 130.05 to − 23.42	0.005	20.57	− 25.99 to 67.13	0.38
Model 1	− 20.15	− 68.21 to 27.89	0.40	− 44.99	− 90.82 to 0.84	0.05	− 37.41	− 84.37 to 9.54	0.11	− 78.54	− 131.84 to − 25.24	0.004	14.27	− 32.76 to 61.31	0.54
Model 2	− 29.28	− 77.9 to 19.33	0.23	− 43.44	− 89.02 to 2.13	0.06	− 37.66	− 84.55 to 9.23	0.11	− 83.61	− 136.91 to − 30.31	0.002	5.30	− 45.01 to 55.63	0.83
Hb
Crude	0.67	0.10 to 1.24	0.02	0.02	− 0.53 to 0.58	0.92	0.06	− 0.49 to 0.63	0.81	0.53	− 0.12 to 1.19	0.11	0.47	− 0.07 to 1.02	0.09
Model 1	0.65	0.07 to 1.23	0.02	0.03	− 0.53 to 0.59	0.90	0.09	− 0.47 to 0.66	0.74	0.53	− 0.13 to 1.20	0.11	0.46	− 0.09 to 1.02	0.10
Model 2	0.61	0.02 to 1.19	0.04	0.03	− 0.52 to 0.59	0.90	0.09	− 0.47 to 0.67	0.73	0.56	− 0.11 to 1.23	0.10	0.41	− 0.18 to 1.01	0.17
Postprandial BS
Crude	− 9.83	− 32.77 to 13.10	0.39	− 18.43	− 39.94 to 3.07	0.09	− 4.37	− 26.48 to 17.73	0.69	− 12.50	− 38.88 to 13.87	0.34	− 12.22	− 33.89 to 9.45	0.26
Model 1	− 6.52	− 29.15 to 16.11	0.56	− 19.03	− 39.95 to 1.89	0.07	− 4.43	− 26.06 to 17.19	0.68	− 13.46	− 39.18 to 12.25	0.30	− 14.93	− 36.18 to 6.31	0.16
Model 2	− 2.68	− 24.44 to 19.07	0.80	− 16.51	− 36.37 to 3.34	0.10	− 3.06	− 23.64 to 17.50	0.76	− 13.25	− 37.87 to 11.37	0.28	− 6.41	− 28.17 to 15.33	0.55
Alb
Crude	− 2.48	− 7.63 to 2.69	0.34	− 0.14	− 5.03 to 4.74	0.95	− 3.28	− 8.20 to 1.63	0.18	− 7.04	− 12.82 to − 1.27	0.01	− 0.01	− 4.90 to 4.87	0.99
Model 1	− 1.93	− 7.12 to 3.26	0.46	− 0.20	− 5.08 to 4.67	0.93	− 3.26	− 8.18 to 1.66	0.19	− 7.75	− 13.31 to − 1.82	0.01	− 0.67	− 5.59 to 4.24	0.78
Model 2	− 2.38	− 7.50 to 2.82	0.37	0.24	− 4.55 to 5.04	0.92	− 3.08	− 7.90 to 1.74	0.20	− 7.16	− 12.80 to − 1.52	0.01	− 349	− 8.59 to 1.61	0.17
SBP
Crude	− 4.97	− 12.38 to 2.44	0.18	− 9.09	− 15.94 to − 2.25	0.01	− .96	− 8.13 to 6.21	0.79	0.057	− 8.004 to 9.15	0.89	− 0.05	− 7.12 to 7.02	0.98
Model 1	− 4.59	− 11.94 to 2.57	0.21	− 9.22	− 15.95 to − 2.49	0.008	− 1.80	− 8.90 to 5.28	0.61	− 0.07	− 8.54 to 8.39	0.98	0.22	− 6.81 to 7.26	0.94
Model 2	− 5.72	− 13.231.78	0.13	− 9.87	− 16.62 to − 3.12	0.005	− 1.75	− 8.89 to 5.37	0.62	− 1.63	− 4.95 to 8.19	0.70	− 1.34	− 8.90 to 6.22	0.7
DBP
Crude	− 6.50	− 11.91 to − 1.08	0.01	− 4.17	− 9.47 to 1.12	0.12	− 0.74	− 6.18 to 4.68	0.78	3.06	− 3.39 to 9.51	0.34	− 6.41	− 11.63 to − 1.20	0.01
Model 1	− 6.72	− 12.17 to − 1.26	0.01	− 4.14	− 9.44 to 1.14	0.12	− 1.008	− 6.42 to 4.44	0.71	2.92	− 3.50 to 9.39	0.37	− 6.25	− 11.51 to − 0.99	0.02
Model 2	− 7.40	− 12.97 to − 1.83	0.01	− 4.74	− 10.12 to 0.64	0.08	− 1.005	− 6.56 to 4.55	0.72	1.61	− 4.95 to 8.19	0.62	− 7.53	− 13.21 to − 1.86	0.01

Variables	Whole grain			Sodium			Red meat			Sweetened beverages
	β	95% CI	P value	β	95% CI	P value	β	95% CI	P value	β	95% CI	P value
FBS
Crude	4.81	− 16.04 to 25.67	0.64	18.21	− 6.60 to 43.03	0.14	13.79	− 34.13 to 6.54	0.18	2.89	− 22.72 to 16.93	0.77
Model 1	− 0.92	− 21.23 to 19.38	0.92	14.73	− 9.35 to 38.82	0.22	5.82	− 26.79 to 15.14	0.58	3.85	− 15.54 to 23.25	0.69
Model 2	3.26	− 16.94 to 23.47	0.74	16.79	− 8.83 to 42.43	0.19	1.02	− 22.82 to 20.77	0.92	3.41	− 15.80 to 22.63	0.72
TG
Crude	− 15.94	− 42.86 to 10.97	0.24	2.85	− 35.37 to 29.67	0.86	− 2.33	− 29.08 to 24.41	0.86	7.82	− 17.88 to 33.52	0.54
Model 1	− 14.44	− 41.66 to 12.70	0.29	1.18	− 31.47 to 33.83	0.94	3.15	− 24.96 to 31.28	0.82	5.72	− 20.38 to 31.82	0.66
Model 2	− 13.17	− 41.77 to 15.42	0.36	1.20	− 33.58 to 35.99	0.94	5.11	− 25.99 to 36.22	0.74	4.93	− 22.37 to 32.24	0.72
HDL
Crude	0.95	− 2.85 to 4.77	0.62	− 2.22	− 6.78 to 2.34	0.33	− 1.05	− 5.15 to 2.14	0.41	0.76	− 2.86 to 4.39	0.67
Model 1	0.73	− 3.18 to 4.65	0.71	− 2.63	− 7.29 to 2.02	0.26	− 2.08	− 5.99 to 1.82	0.29	1.11	− 2.63 to 4.86	0.55
Model 2	1.30	− 2.49 to 5.09	0.49	− 3.42	− 7.98 to 1.12	0.13	− 0.22	− 4.20 to 3.75	0.91	0.88	− 2.73 to 4.50	0.62
LDL
Crude	− 4.24	− 17.32 to 8.83	0.52	9.76	− 25.38 to 5.58	0.21	2.26	− 10.55 to 15.08	0.72	2.06	− 14.51 to 10.38	0.74
Model 1	− 3.56	− 17.00 to 9.87	0.60	9.62	− 25.59 to 6.33	0.23	3.56	− 10.16 to 17.30	0.60	2.86	− 15.71 to 9.99	0.66
Model 2	− 5.64	− 18.98 to 7.69	0.40	13.76	− 29.96 to 2.44	0.09	0.57	− 13.65 to 14.80	0.93	− 0.48	− 13.21 to 12.25	0.94
Total cholesterol
Crude	− 3.70	− 19.40 to 12.00	0.64	10.25	− 29.02 to 8.51	0.28	10.09	− 5.30 to 25.48	0.19	2.90	− 17.83 to 12.02	0.70
Model 1	− 3.93	− 20.11 to 12.24	0.63	9.60	− 28.85 to 9.65	0.32	12.82	− 3.61 to 29.27	0.12	3.14	− 18.61 to 12.32	0.68
Model 2	− 8.44	− 24.51 to 7.62	0.29	6.57	− 26.22 to 13.57	0.50	6.36	− 10.95 to 23.67	0.46	2.28	− 17.65 to 13.08	0.76
HbA1C
Crude	0.36	− 0.21 to 0.93	0.21	0.11	− 0.58 to 0.81	0.73	− 0.45	− 1.01 to 0.10	0.10	− 0.14	− 0.69 to 0.41	0.61
Model 1	0.20	− 0.35 to 0.76	0.47	0.01	− 0.66 to 0.68	0.96	− 0.24	− 0.82 to 0.33	0.40	0.04	− 0.49 to 0.58	0.86
Model 2	0.20	− 0.37 to 0.78	0.49	0.05	− 0.66 to 0.76	0.88	− 0.22	− 0.84 to 0.40	0.48	− 0.01	− 0.57 to 0.53	0.94
Creatinine
Crude	− 0.056	− 0.12 − 0.01	0.09	− 0.01	− 0.09 to 0.06	0.64	0.05	− 0.11 to 0.01	0.12	− 0.02	− 0.09 to 0.03	0.36
Model 1	− 0.06	− 0.13 − 0.006	0.07	− 0.02	− 0.10 to 0.05	0.55	0.05	− 0.12 to 0.02	0.16	− 0.02	− 0.09 to 0.04	0.45
Model 2	− 0.07	− 0.14 − 0.01	0.02	− 0.01	− 0.09 to 0.07	0.81	0.096	− 0.16 to 0.02	0.009	− 0.02	− 0.08 to 0.04	0.51
BUN
Crude	0.73	− 1.13 to 2.60	0.43	− 1.79	− 4.02 to 0.42	0.11	0.99	− 0.85 to 2.84	0.29	0.14	− 1.63 to 1.92	0.87
Model 1	0.66	− 1.27 to 2.58	0.49	− 1.85	− 4.13 to 0.42	0.10	1.41	− 0.56 to 3.38	0.16	0.26	− 1.58 to 2.11	0.77
Model 2	0.16	− 1.74 to 2.06	0.86	− 1.51	− 3.80 to 0.76	0.19	0.63	− 1.41 to 2.68	0.53	0.26	− 1.53 to 2.07	0.76
ACR
Crude	51.91	5.95 to 97.86	0.30	15.66	− 72.07 to 40.57	0.58	− 16.41	− 62.41 to 29.59	0.48	21.57	− 22.94 to 66.08	0.33
Model 1	46.38	− 0.34 to 93.11	0.20	− 19.58	− 76.36 to 37.18	0.49	− 12.14	− 60.83 to 36.54	0.62	29.97	− 15.17 to 75.11	0.19
Model 2	38.55	− 9.22 to 86.32	0.11	− 6.08	− 64.52 to 52.53	0.83	− 38.04	− 89.28 to 13.19	0.14	29.93	− 15.72 to 75.58	0.19
Hb
Crude	0.44	− 0.11 to 1.002	0.11	− 0.05	− 0.73 to 0.62	0.87	0.96	0.44 to 1.49	0.40	− 0.18	− 0.17 to 0.35	0.49
Model 1	0.48	− 0.08 to 1.54	0.09	− 0.07	− 0.75 to 0.61	0.83	0.97	0.41 to 1.53	0.58	− 0.21	− 0.76 to 0.33	0.44
Model 2	0.40	− 0.17 to 0.98	0.16	0.002	− 0.70 to 0.71	0.99	0.91	0.31 to 1.52	0.60	− 0.20	− 0.76 to 0.34	0.46
Postprandial BS
Crude	14.85	− 6.90 to 36.62	0.17	17.66	− 8.47 to 43.79	0.18	19.07	− 40.48 to 2.34	0.08	3.03	− 23.85 to 17.85	0.77
Model 1	10.35	− 11.24 to 31.94	0.34	15.86	− 9.85 to 41.58	0.22	11.46	− 33.82 to 10.88	0.31	2.41	− 18.31 to 23.14	0.81
Model 2	16.23	− 4.46 to 36.93	0.12	16.21	− 10.63 to 43.06	0.23	1.50	− 24.25 to 21.24	0.89	0.34	− 20.28 to 19.60	0.97
Alb
Crude	− 6.85	2.11 to 11.59	0.005	− 1.66	− 7.57 to 4.23	0.57	− 0.32	− 5.21 to 4.57	0.89	− 2.18	− 6.84 to 2.47	0.35
Model 1	− 6.22	1.40 to 11.04	0.01	− 2.49	− 8.42 to 3.42	0.40	− 0.39	− 4.74 to 5.54	0.87	− 1.29	− 6.4 to 3.45	0.59
Model 2	− 5.66	0.84 to 10.48	0.02	− 2.56	− 8.56 to 3.43	0.39	− 1.73	− 7.10 to 3.63	0.52	− 0.70	− 5.41 to 4.01	0.76
SBP
Crude	3.74	− 3.34 to 10.82	0.29	3.01	− 11.54 to 5.51	0.48	2.13	− 4.93 to 9.19	0.55	0.88	− 5.88 to 7.64	0.79
Model 1	3.62	− 3.45 to 10.70	0.31	3.93	− 12.40 to 4.53	0.35	1.29	− 6.05 to 8.65	0.72	1.27	− 5.52 to 8.07	0.71
Model 2	3.02	− 4.23 to 10.27	0.41	3.39	− 12.18 to 5.39	0.44	1.34	− 9.24 to 6.55	0.73	1.55	− 5.36 to 8.47	0.65
DBP
Crude	− 6.47	− 11.72 to − 1.22	0.01	6.58	− 13.19 to − 0.51	0.03	0.78	− 6.07 to 4.50	0.76	2.62	− 7.72 to 2.48	0.31
Model 1	− 6.21	− 11.53 to − 0.88	0.02	7.10	− 13.48 to − 0.72	0.02	2.23	− 7.80 to 3.34	0.42	3.20	− 8.39 to 1.98	0.22
Model 2	− 6.92	− 12.40 to − 1.44	0.01	6.81	− 13.52 to − 0.10	0.04	4.07	− 10.10 to 1.95	0.18	3.42	− 8.76 to 1.92	0.20

Obtained from General Linear Model (GLM). Significant items with a P value ≤ 0.05 are bolded

Model 1: Adjusted for energy intake, age, physical activity, body mass index

Model 2: model 1 + diabetes duration, cardiovascular diseases history, and drug usage (angiotensin receptor blockers; angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, beta-blockers, metformin, sulphonyl urea, and insulin)

CI Confidence interval, Cr Creatinine, DASH Dietary approaches to stop hypertension diet, DBP Diastolic blood pressure, SBP Systolic blood pressure, FBS Fasting blood sugar, HbA1c Glycosylated hemoglobin, HDL High-density lipoprotein, LDL Low-density lipoprotein, TC Total cholesterol, TG Triglycerides, Alb Albumin, BS Blood sugar, ACR Albumin creatinine ratio, BUN Blood urea nitrogen