Table II.
List of main radiation treatment agents along with the probable mechanism of action.
| Type | Example | Mechanism of action | Limitations | (Refs.) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stem cell therapy | MSC | Secrete hematopoietic-related factors, facilitate hematopoietic reconstruction | Occurrence of severe GvHD | (127–152) |
| Cytokines | Regulate immune, nerve and endocrine function; participate in inflammation; promote wound healing; regulate hematopoiesis | Combination of cytokines needs further study | ||
| GM-CSF, G-CSF, M-CSF | Promote the recovery of the granulocyte system and preven infection | (129) | ||
| IL-3, IL-11, TPO, M-GDF | Promote the recovery of megakaryocytes and thrombogenesis, and prevent bleeding | (129) | ||
| IL-7, FL, TSLP, KGF | Promote the recovery of the lymphocyte line, and promote the reconstruction of immune function | (129) | ||
| IL-3, IL-6, IL-11, FL, HAPO, TNF-α, LIF, PF4, G-CSF, GM-CSF, EPO | Affect the proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic cells | (153) | ||
| SCF, TPO, FL, IL-3, SDF-1 | Antiapoptotic factor | (153) | ||
| KGF, IL-11 | Enhance repair | (154) | ||
| Immunomodulators | β-glucan watersoluble polysaccharide, ginsenosides, AED | Induce the production of hematopoietic cytokines and stimulate the regeneration of hematopoietic stem cells | Proinflammatory response and immunogenicity; long-term use may cause allergies and organ damage | (159–161) |
GvHD, graft-vs. -host disease; GM-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor; G-CSF, granulocyte colony stimulating factor; M-CSF, macrophage colony stimulating factor; IL, interleukin; TPO, thrombopoietin; M-GDF, megakaryocyte growth development factor; FL, Flt-3 ligand; TSLP, thymic stromal lymphopoietin; KGF, keratinocyte growth factor; HAPO, hemangiopoietin; LIF, leukemia inhibitory factor; PF4, platelet factor 4; EPO, erythropoietin; SCF, stem cell factor; SDF-1, stromal cell-derived factor-1; MSC, mesenchymal stem cell; AED, 5-androstenone.