Table 3.

Difference-in-differences analysis of high-risk opioid use indicators in Oregon relative to Colorado.

Opioid use	State	Pre	Post	Difference	Difference-in-differences (95% confidence interval)	Relative change (95% confidence interval)
Opioid-opioid overlap	Oregon	0.0337***	0.0324***	−0.0012	−0.008	−2.4%
		(0.0011)	(0.0010)	(0.0013)	(−0.0038 to 0.0022)	(−11.3% to 6.5%)
	Colorado	0.0341***	0.0337***	−0.0004
		(0.0005)	(0.0006)	(0.0007)
Opioid-benzodiazepine overlap	Oregon	0.0246***	0.0252***	0.0007	0.0008	3.3%
		(0.0010)	(0.0010)	(0.0012)	(−0.002 to 0.0036)	(−8.1% to 14.6%)
	Colorado	0.0237***	0.0235***	−0.0001
		(0.0006)	(0.0006)	(0.0009)
Opioid-nonbenzodiazepine sedative	Oregon	0.0108***	0.0091***	−0.0017**	−0.0013	−9.3%
		(0.0006)	(0.0006)	(0.0008)	(−0.0031 to 0.0005)	(−28.7% to 4.6%)
	Colorado	0.0130***	0.0126***	−0.0004
		(0.0004)	(0.0004)	(0.0005)
Long-acting opioid use after acute pain diagnosis	Oregon	0.0355***	0.0338***	−0.0016	−0.0007	−2.0%
		(0.0010)	(0.0009)	(0.0015)	(−0.0041 to 0.0027)	(−11.5% to 7.6%)
	Colorado	0.0281 ***	0.0271***	−0.0009
		(0.0006)	(0.0006)	(0.0009)
Multiple pharmacy use	Oregon	0.0016***	0.0012***	−0.0005	−0.001**	−62.5%
		(0.0002)	(0.0001)	(0.0003)	(−0.0019 to −0.0000)	(−118.8% to 0%)
	Colorado	0.0050***	0.0055***	0.0005
		(0.0003)	(0.0003)	(0.0004)

Note. Estimates indicate monthly predicted probabilities with standard errors in parentheses unless indicated otherwise. Relative change is relative percentage change in Oregon following the high dosage policy.

^**P < .001;

^***P < .05.