Table 3.
Summary of treatment and outcomes for COVID-19 and ACTD
| Title | Severity of COVID-19 | Treatment of COVID-19 | ACTD diagnosis | Prior ACTD diagnosis | Treatment of CTD | ITU admission | CTD remission | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zhang et al. 2022 [22] | Unknown | Tocilizumab, anticoagulation (drug name not specified), hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin | COVID‐19–associated myositis | No | IV methylprednisolone | No | Yes | Survived |
| Ramachandran et al. 2022 [30] | Unknown | Unknown | SLE | No | IV methylprednisolone 1 g/day for 3 days, then oral prednisolone 60 mg, with plasmapheresis (6 rounds), mycophenolate and hydroxychloroquine | No | Yes | Survived |
| Pereira et al. 2022 [40] | Unknown | Tapering corticosteroids and nintedanib for post-COVID lung fibrosis | Anti-synthetase syndrome | Unknown | Mycophenolate mofetil | No | Yes | Survived |
| Okayasu et al. 2022 [23] | Unknown | Unknown | Myositis and febrile neutropenia | No | Oral prednisolone 50 mg/day for 5 days | Unknown | Yes | Survived |
| Okada et al. 2022 [24] | Unknown | Unknown | Dermatomyositis | Unknown | 1 g IV methylprednisolone for 3 days, then oral prednisolone 60 mg/day | No | Yes | Survived |
| Nunes et al. 2022 [38] | Unknown | Supplemental oxygen, dexamethasone 6 mg/day, ipratropium bromide 40 µg 6-hourly, enoxaparin 40 mg/day, paracetamol 1 g as required | Toxic epidermal necrolysis-like subacute cutaneous lupus | No | Continuous surveillance and balneotherapy for 10 days. Subsequent hydroxychloroquine 400 mg/day and prednisolone 1 mg/kg/day (dose not specified) | Yes | Yes | Survived |
| Kazzi et al. 2022 [31] | Low | None | SLE | No | Antibiotics, corticosteroids and MMF 1500 mg twice daily with resolution. Subsequent hydroxychloroquine (dose unspecified) | No | Yes | Survived |
| Holzer et al. 2022 [19] | Unknown | Unknown | Dermatomyositis | Unknown | Corticosteroids, IVIG, MMF, ciclosporin A, tofacitinib, rituximab | No | Yes | Survived |
| Giuggioli et al. 2022 [41] | Unknown | Azithromycin for 5 days; hydroxychloroquine 400 mg twice a day for 1 day and then 200 mg every 12 h for 5 days | Raynaud's and systemic sclerosis | No | Nifedipine for Raynaud’s | No | Yes | Survived |
| Chandra & Kahaleh 2022 [42] | Unknown | Unknown | Systemic Sclerosis | No | MMF 1500 mg twice daily, amlodipine 5 mg daily, methotrexate 12.5 mg once weekly, prednisone 5 mg twice daily | No | No | Survived |
| Bouchard Marmen et al. 2022 [43] | Unknown | Unknown | Anti-synthetase syndrome | Unknown | Pulsed IV methylprednisolone, then oral prednisolone, cyclophosphamide, rituximab, IVIG | Yes | Yes | Survived |
| Blum et al. 2022 [44] | Unknown but complicated by CCF, AF and PE post-COVID infection | Unknown | Diffuse systemic sclerosis | No | MMF | Yes | No | Died |
| Assar et al. 2022 [32] | Mild | Naproxen 500 mg twice daily and diphenhydramine syrup four times a day orally on outpatient basis | SLE | No | Prednisolone 30 mg daily, hydroxychloroquine 200 mg daily and azathioprine 150 mg daily followed by MMF | No | Yes | Survived |
| Anderle et al. 2022 [45] | Unknown | Unknown | Anti-MDA5 dermatomyositis | Corticosteroid pulsed therapy (250 mg intravenous prednisolone), acyclovir and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, cyclophosphamide and tacrolimus due to rapid disease progression. Colchicine due to the hyperinflammatory state. Caspofungin, piperacillin/tazobactam and doxycycline administered for infection prophylaxis | Yes | Yes | Survived (required ECMO and double lung transplant) | |
| Amin et al. 2022 [27] | Unknown | Unknown | Polymyositis | No | Oral prednisolone 60 mg/day, azathioprine 50 mg twice a day | No | Yes | Survived |
| Ali et al. 2022 [33] | Unknown | Unknown | MCTD associated with a flare of LN | Unknown | IV methylprednisolone 50 mg once daily throughout hospitalisation, in addition to oral hydroxychloroquine 200 mg once daily | No | Yes | Survived |
| Zamani et al. 2021 [34] | Mild | 400 mg hydroxychloroquine twice on the first day and 200 mg twice daily for a further 6 days | SLE | Prednisolone 30 mg daily and hydroxychloroquine, gabapentin, and vitamin B (300 mg daily) | No | Yes | Survived | |
| Slimani et al. 2021 [35] | Unknown | Unknown | SLE and aPLS | No | Nil described | Yes | No | Died |
| Dadras et al. 2021 [25] | Unknown | Cefazolin (2 g three times daily) and azithromycin (500 mg daily) | Dermatomyositis | Yes | Prednisolone 60 mg daily, methotrexate 15 mg weekly, hydroxychloroquine 400 mg daily | Unknown | Yes | Survived |
| Lokineni et al. 2021 [29] | Unknown | Broad-spectrum antibiotics (unspecified), convalescent plasma, dexamethasone | Necrotizing Myositis | No | Oral prednisone 60 mg daily, azathioprine 150 mg daily | No | Yes | Survived |
| Keshtkarjahromi et al. 2021 [46] | Unknown | Unknown | MDA5-positive dermatomyositis complicated by MAS | Yes |
1st admission: oral prednisone 60 mg daily, tapering regime. Discharged to rehabilitation centre with plans to continue steroid therapy with adjunctive trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for pneumocystis pneumonia prophylaxis 2nd admission: IV methylprednisolone 1 g/day for 3 days followed by 80 mg IV daily, IVIG 400 mg/kg/ day for 5 days |
Yes | No | Died |
| Fineschi S 2021 [47] | Mild | Unknown | Systemic Sclerosis | No | Calcium channel blocker, proton pump inhibitor, tear substitution | No | Unknown | Survived-awaiting further decision re immunosuppression |
| Borges et al. 2021 [20] | Unknown | Unknown | Dermatomyositis | Unknown | Pulsed IV methylprednisolone (unspecified) 5 days | No | Yes | Survived |
| Assar et al. 2021 [26] | Remdesivir, high doses of corticosteroids (unspecified), colchicine, plasmapheresis | Neutrophilic myositis | Yes | IVIG, 2 g/kg in four divided doses, prednisolone 1 mg/kg/day with gradual tapering (absolute doses unspecified) |
Yes, for COVID No for CTD |
Yes | Survived | |
| Ali et al. 2021 [36] | Unknown | None | SLE (complicated by HLH) | No | MMF 250 mg daily, hydroxychloroquine 400 mg daily. 14 sessions of plasmapheresis, 600 mg of rituximab twice, high-dose corticosteroids (dose unspecified) | Yes, for CTD | Not specified | Survived- requiring long-term rehabilitation |
| Aldaghlawi et al. 2021 [28] | Severe | Levofloxacin 750 mg daily, dexamethasone 6 mg daily. Discharged on supplemental oxygen 2 l on day 16 | Myositis | No | Oral prednisone 1 mg/kg daily for 4 weeks (dose unspecified); rituximab 375 mg/m2 weekly × 4 doses was initiated for cold agglutinin haemolytic anaemia; IVIG 1 g/kg daily × 2 doses on day 21 to address possible immune-related thrombocytopenia | No | Yes | Survived |
| Sacchi et al. 2020 [21] | Unknown | Oxygen supplementation then continued positive airway pressure therapy. Lopinavir/ritonavir, hydroxychloroquine, doxycycline, ceftriaxone, anticoagulation (unspecified) | Myositis | No | Corticosteroid 1 mg/kg (dose and type unspecified) |
Yes, for COVID No for CTD |
Yes | Survived |
| Bonometti et al. 2020 [37] | Swab negative, immunoglobulin positive | Unknown | SLE | No | Hydroxychloroquine and high-dose corticosteroids | No | Yes | Survived |