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. 2022 Dec 12;11(1):e02884-22. doi: 10.1128/spectrum.02884-22

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Copyright © 2022 Duran Ramirez et al.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license.

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FIG 3 — S. aureus biofilms formed under in vitro conditions that mimic the host environment display recalcitrance to TAPI antibiotics. JE2 (A), 117 (B), and 158 (C) were allowed to form biofilm in the presence of human plasma and were then exposed to increasing concentrations of antibiotics. (A) JE2 biofilm (mean, 1.387; SD, 0.8289; SE, 0.2010) was not significantly affected following exposure to increasing concentrations of gentamicin (0.5 μg/mL: P value, 0.6895, mean, 1.473, SD, 0.4182, SE, 0.2414; 1 μg/mL: P value, 0.4158; mean, 1.718; SD, 0.7085; SE, 0.4091; and 2 μg/mL: P value, 0.6895; mean, 1.568; SD, 0.6093; SE, 0.3518), cefazolin (0.5 μg/mL: P value, 0.6977; mean, 1.404; SD, 0.8419; SE, 0.4209; 1 μg/mL: P value, 0.2750; mean, 1.763; SD, 0.4310; SE, 0.2155; and 2 μg/mL: P value, 0.1718; mean, 1.874; SD, 0.3805; SE, 0.1902) or to TAPI (P value, 0.4633; mean, 1.680; SD, 0.63060; SE, 0.2384). (B) 117 biofilm (mean, 0.9390; SD, 0.5298; SE, 0.1529) was not significantly affected following exposure to increasing concentrations of gentamicin (0.5 μg/mL: P value, 0.9527; mean, 0.9323; SD, 0.3203; SE, 0.1601; and 1 μg/mL: P value, 0.5989; mean, 1.027; SD, 0.1928; SE, 0.0963; and 2 μg/mL: P value, 0.5989; mean, 0.6678; SD, 0.4147; SE, 0.2073) or cefazolin (0.5 μg/mL: P value, 0.5549; mean, 1.381; SD, 0.4167; SE, 0.2406; and 1 μg/mL: P value, 0.6835; mean 0.8608; SD, 0.5292; SE, 0.2646; and 2 μg/mL: P value, 0.6820; mean, 1.041; SD, 0.4144; SE, 0.1692) but was significantly increased when exposed to TAPI (P value, 0.0268; mean, 1.702; SD, 0.4690; SE, 0.2098). (C) 158 biofilm (mean, 0.7978; SD, 0.4863; SE, 0.1621) was not significantly affected following exposure to increasing concentrations of gentamicin (0.25 μg/mL: P value, >0.9999; mean, 0.8670; SD, 0.7762; SE, 0.4481; and 0.5 μg/mL: P value, 0.7273; mean, 0.5587; SD, 0.3031; SE, 0.1750; and 1 μg/mL: P value, 0.6070; mean, 0.5858; SD, 0.3300; SE, 0.1347) or cefazolin (0.5 μg/mL: P value, 0.4818; mean, 0.9963; SD, 2.2337; SE, 0.1349; and 1 μg/mL: P value, 0.5827; mean, 0.7883; SD, 0.3636; SE, 0.1484; and 2 μg/mL: P value, 0.6064; mean, 0.9816; SD, 0.7121; SE, 0.3184) but was significantly increased when exposed to TAPI (P value, 0.0336; mean, 1.676; SD, 0.6467; SE, 0.3235). The Mann-Whitney U test was used to determine statistical significance, where ** indicates P < 0.01, and *** indicates P < 0.0005. P > 0.05 indicates no significant difference. Bar graphs include the mean and standard deviation.