Table 2.
Effect of BCG on other diseases rather than TB.
| Disease | Authors | Research | Result |
|---|---|---|---|
| Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) | Céspedes PF, Rey-Jurado E, Espinoza JA, et al. | A single, low dose of a cGMP recombinant BCG vaccine elicits protective T cell immunity against the human respiratory syncytial virus infection and prevents lung pathology in mice | (1) Mice showed less weight loss and less infiltration of neutrophils and less viral load in bronchoalveolar lavage compared with the unimmunized controls. (2) Activated banks of T cells that release IFN-γ and IL-1 were found in spleen T cells. (3) This recombinant BCG vaccine (rBCG-N-hRSV) is a promising vaccine candidate for the prevention of RSV infection. |
| H1N1 | Leentjens J, Kox M, Stokman R, et al. | BCG Vaccination Enhances the Immunogenicity of Subsequent Influenza Vaccination in Healthy Volunteers: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study | (1) The combination of BCG vaccine and influenza vaccine was effective in preventing influenza virus infection. (2) Compared with the placebo group, the BCG-vaccinated trial group had a significantly stronger response to H1 antibodies to the influenza A(H1N1) vaccine strain and had a more rapid seroconversion trend. |
| Mukherjee S, Subramaniam R, Chen H, Smith A, Keshava S, Shams H | Boosting efferocytosis in alveolar space using BCG vaccine to protect host against influenza pneumonia | (1) BCG vaccine could significantly enhance the efferocytosis effect of alveolar phagocytes (AP). (2) The efferocytosis effect of AP in mice after receiving BCG immunization was significantly enhanced. (3) All mice that received BCG injections were able to survive the deadly influenza A virus. |
|
| Bladder Cancer | Petar B, J WA, N GG | Old instillations and new implications for bladder cancer: the urinary microbiome and intravesical BCG | BCG immunotherapy has been the “gold standard” for the treatment of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. |
| Leprosy | Glynn JR, Fielding K, Mzembe T, Sichali L, Banda L, McLean E, et al. | BCG revaccination in Malawi: 30-year follow-up of a large, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial | BCG vaccines were about 40% protected against leprosy in 30 years. |
| HPV | (1) Salem A, Nofal A, Hosny D (2) Podder I, Bhattacharya S, Mishra V, Sarkar TK, Chandra S, Sil A, et al. |
(1) Treatment of Common and Plane Warts in Children with Topical Viable Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (2) Immunotherapy in viral warts with intradermal Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccine versus intradermal tuberculin purified protein derivative: A double-blind, randomized controlled trial comparing effectiveness and safety in a tertiary care center in Eastern India |
(1) 65% of children with common warts were effectively treated with BCG as compared to the placebo group. (2) BCG vaccinations were given at 4 weeks intervals, and after treatment, the complete clearance of viral warts was 48.5%. |
| Type 1 Diabetes | (1) Keefe RC, Takahashi H, Tran L, Nelson K, Ng N, Kühtreiber WM, et al. (2) Kühtreiber WM, Faustman DL |
(1) BCG therapy is associated with long-term, durable induction of Treg signature genes by epigenetic modulation (2) BCG Therapy for Type 1 Diabetes: Restoration of Balanced Immunity and Metabolism |
Patients with type 1 diabetes who received at least 2 BCG vaccinations returned to normal blood glucose levels after about 3 years, and therapeutic effects were observed even in patients with advanced diabetes who had been ill for more than 20 years, and the therapeutic effect lasted for more than 5 years. |
| Atherosclerosis | van Dam AD, Bekkering S, Crasborn M, van Beek L, van den Berg SM, Vrieling F, et al. | BCG lowers plasma cholesterol levels and delays atherosclerotic lesion progression in mice | BCG reduced plasma total cholesterol levels in mice in the experimental group, reduced foam cell formation in peritoneal macrophages, delayed the progression of atherosclerotic lesions at the root of the aortic, and reduced the severity of lesions. |