FIG 3.

Contribution of the duplicated flagellins to plant immunity and root growth. (A) ROS induced by P. fluorescens Pf0-1, P. kilonensis F113, and the fliC mutants in N. benthamiana (RLU, relative light unit). (B) Challenge-inoculation HR assays for functional PTI were conducted by first infiltrating N. benthamiana leaves with 1 × 10⁸ CFU/mL of the test Pseudomonas strains (upper circles). After 6 h, an overlapping inoculation of 5 × 10⁶ CFU/mL of the HR-inducing strain Pst DC3000 (lower circles) was made. The fraction under each image indicates the number of times that the HR was inhibited compared to the number of test inoculations. (C) Effects of P. kilonensis F113 and its fliC mutants on shoot and root growth in A. thaliana accession Col-0. (D) Quantitative analysis of primary root length, number of lateral roots, and lateral root density. Different letters indicate statistically significant differences between different treatments (one-way ANOVA, Tukey’s test; P < 0.05). All experiments were repeated three times with similar results.