Table 1.

List of clinical trials of mRNA vaccines against five types of cancer

Cancer Types	Status	Phases	Study Type	References
Brain cancer; Neoplasm metastases	Completed	Phase 1	Interventional	NCT02808416 [87]
GBM; Brain tumor	Completed	Phase 1 & 2	Interventional	NCT00846456 [88]
Malignant neoplasms of brain	Active, not recruiting	Phase 1	Interventional	NCT00639639 [89]
Malignant glioma; Astrocytoma; GBM	Completed	Phase 1	Interventional	NCT02529072
Adult GBM	Recruiting	Phase 1	Interventional	NCT04573140
Recurrent central nervous system neoplasm	Completed	Phase 1	Interventional	NCT00890032
High grade glioma; Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma	Recruiting	Phase 1 & 2	Interventional	NCT04911621
Metastatic NSCLC; NSCLC	Completed	Phase 1 & 2	Interventional	NCT03164772
Esophageal cancer; NSCLC	Unknown status	NA	Interventional	NCT03908671
NSCLC	Completed	Phase 1 & 2	Interventional	NCT00923312 [90]
Ewings sarcoma; NSCLC; Liver cancer	Completed	Phase 1	Interventional	NCT01061840
Malignant melanoma	Completed	Phase 1 & 2	Interventional	NCT00204516
Melanoma	Terminated	Phase 1 & 2	Interventional	NCT01944709
Melanoma; Colon cancer; Gastrointestinal cancer; Genitourinary cancer; Hepatocellular cancer	Terminated	Phase 1 & 2	Interventional	NCT03480152 [91]
Melanoma	Not yet recruiting	Phase 1	Interventional	NCT05264974
Malignant melanoma	Completed	Phase 1 & 2	Interventional	NCT01278940
Metastatic malignant melanoma	Terminated	Phase 1 & 2	Interventional	NCT00961844
Melanoma	Active, not recruiting	Phase 1	Interventional	NCT02410733 [92]
Melanoma	Active, not recruiting	Phase 2	Interventional	NCT03897881
Melanoma stage III; Melanoma stage IV; Unresectable melanoma	Recruiting	Phase 2	Interventional	NCT04526899
Melanoma stage III or IV	Completed	Phase 1 & 2	Interventional	NCT00243529
Melanoma	Completed	Phase 1	Interventional	NCT01456104
Melanoma	Completed	Phase 1 & 2	Interventional	NCT01530698
Breast cancer; Malignant melanoma	Completed	Phase 1	Interventional	NCT00978913
Melanoma	Completed	Phase 1	Interventional	NCT01066390 [93]
Melanoma	Completed	Phase 2	Interventional	NCT02285413 [94]
Recurrent melanoma; Stage IV melanoma	Terminated	Phase 2	Interventional	NCT00087373
Hormonal refractory prostate cancer	Completed	Phase 1 & 2	Interventional	NCT00831467 [90]
Prostate cancer	Active, not recruiting	Phase 1 & 2	Interventional	NCT01197625
Prostate cancer	Completed	Phase 1 & 2	Interventional	NCT01278914
Metastatic prostate cancer	Withdrawn	Phase 1 & 2	Interventional	NCT01153113
Prostatic neoplasms	Completed	Phase 2	Interventional	NCT01446731
Prostate carcinoma	Terminated	Phase 2	Interventional	NCT02140138
RCC	Unknown status	Phase 1 & 2	Interventional	NCT02787915

Data from https://clinicaltrials.gov/ (Accessed January 19, 2023); NA: Not available