Table 2.

Effects of ipratropium bromide and combined intervention on levels of proinflammatory cytokines in serum COPD patients.

Group	Cases (n)	TNF-α (ng/L)		IL-6 (ng/L)		IL-8 (ng/L)		CRP (mg/L)
		BT	AT	BT	AT	BT	AT	BT	AT
Control	20	35.7 ± 5.32	31.1 ± 5.71cf	57.2 ± 6.30	60.7 ± 5.63f	24.8 ± 2.55	23.1 ± 1.94f	24.2 ± 2.65	21.9 ± 3.16cf
Ipratropium bromide	24	35.1 ± 5.28	16.7 ± 2.25adf	56.9 ± 5.48	39.3 ± 4.79adf	24.7 ± 3.05	10.8 ± 0.96adf	23.9 ± 2.13	16.4 ± 1.22adf
Combined intervention	24	36.05 ± 5.36	13.5 ± 1.16bd	56.6 ± 5.12	30.7 ± 2.36bd	24.3 ± 2.61	8.65 ± 0.66bd	24.6 ± 2.25	12.4 ± 2.10bd

BT, before treatment; AT, after treatment; compared with the control group, ^aP < 0.05, ^bP < 0.01; compared with itself before treatment, ^cP < 0.05, ^dP < 0.01; compared with the ipratropium bromide group, ^fP < 0.01.