Table 4.

HRQOL and psychosocial outcomes based on the Medical Outcomes SF-36 and BSI-18 for cohort participants treated with primary amputation and LSS complicated by late amputation adjusted for age at evaluation

Outcomes	Poor outcome	RR (95%CI)	p valueb
HR-QOL a
Physical health
Physical functioning
LSS with late amputation	71 (12 of 17)	2.46 (1.66-3.63)	< 0.001
Primary amputation	38 (132 of 346)	1.34 (1.04-1.72)	0.02
Physical role
LSS with late amputation	47 (8 of 17)	1.87 (1.06-3.30)	0.03
Primary amputation	22 (75 of 346)	0.87 (0.64-1.19)	0.38
Bodily pain
LSS with late amputation	47 (8 of 17)	2.33 (1.27-4.26)	0.006
Primary amputation	30 (104 of 346)	1.50 (1.10-2.06)	0.01
General health
LSS with late amputation	47 (8 of 17)	1.98 (1.10-3.56)	0.02
Primary amputation	23 (71 of 303)	1.00 (0.72-1.38)	0.99
Mental health SF-36
Vitality
LSS with late amputation	35 (6 of 17)	1.59 (0.78-3.24)	0.20
Primary amputation	25 (76 of 303)	1.15 (0.83-1.59)	0.41
Social functioning
LSS with late amputation	24 (4 of 17)	1.39 (0.56-3.47)	0.48
Primary amputation	17 (60 of 346)	1.03 (0.71-1.49)	0.89
Role-emotional
LSS with late amputation	12 (2 of 17)	0.68 (0.18-2.62)	0.58
Primary amputation	22 (76 of 346)	1.28 (0.90-1.82)	0.17
Mental health
LSS with late amputation	35 (6 of 17)	2.20 (1.07-4.52)	0.03
Primary amputation	22 (67 of 303)	1.39 (0.95-2.01)	0.087
BSI-18 c
Depression
LSS with late amputation	19 (3 of 16)	0.95 (0.86-1.06)	0.39
Primary amputation	15 (45 of 300)	0.97 (0.94-1.00)	0.08
Anxiety
LSS with late amputation	0 (0 of 16)	NA	NA
Primary amputation	9 (28 of 300)	0.99 (0.96-1.01)	0.37
Somatic
LSS with late amputation	19 (3 of 16)	0.96 (0.86-1.07)	0.43
Primary amputation	14 (42 of 300)	0.98 (0.95-1.01)	0.20

Data presented as % (n).

^aSF-36: Raw scores were converted to T scores (range 0 to 100) and dichotomized so that a score at or below 40 (1 SD below the population mean) was classified as a poor HRQOL outcome.

^bThe reference group is the LSS group without amputation to date for all comparisons.

^cBSI-18: Participants with T-scores of 63 or more on a particular scale were classified as having poor emotional health.