Table 3.
Clinical presentations and examination results
| Characteristics | Survival group | Death group | t/χ2/Fisher | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical signs and symptoms, n (%) | n = 51 | n = 16 | ||
| Fever | 32 (62.7) | 5 (31.3) | 4.886 | 0.027* |
| Digestive symptoms | 35 (68.6) | 10 (62.5) | 0.207 | 0.649 |
| Respiratory symptoms | 14 (27.5) | 3 (18.8) | 0.487 | 0.485 |
| Circulatory symptoms | 23 (45.1) | 6 (37.5) | 0.286 | 0.593 |
| Cardiogenic shock | 20 (39.2) | 13 (81.3) | 8.610 | 0.003* |
| Adams-stokes | 6 (11.8) | 3 (18.8) | 0.511 | 0.475 |
| Respiratory distress | 11 (21.6) | 6 (37.5) | 1.632 | 0.201 |
| Cyanosis | 3 (5.9) | 3 (18.8) | 2.473 | 0.116 |
| Pale complexion | 20 (39.2) | 10 (62.5) | 2.670 | 0.102 |
| Hepatomegaly | 4 (7.8) | 3 (18.8) | 1.549 | 0.213 |
| Hypotension | 9 (17.6) | 9 (56.2) | 9.237 | 0.002* |
| Fulminant myocarditis | 23 (45.1) | 15 (93.8) | 11.743 | 0.001* |
| Pathogen examination, n (%) | n = 51 | n = 15 | 1.049 | 0.306 |
| Positive | 22 (44.9) | 9 (60.0) | ||
| Negative | 27 (55.1) | 6 (40.0) | ||
| Electrocardiographic, n (%) | n = 51 | n = 14 | ||
| Abnormal ECG | 51 (100.0) | 13 (92.9) | 3.700 | 0.054 |
| Sinus tachycardia | 15 (29.4) | 3 (21.4) | 0.350 | 0.554 |
| Ventricular tachycardia | 3 (5.9) | 9 (64.3) | 24.890 | < 0.001* |
| Ventricular premature beat | 7 (13.7) | 3 (21.4) | 0.501 | 0.479 |
| Atrial premature beat | 4 (7.8) | 2 (14.3) | 0.544 | 0.461 |
| ST-T segment changes | 26 (51.0) | 3 (21.4) | 3.882 | 0.049* |
| Degree I atrioventricular block | 8 (15.7) | 1 (7.1) | 0.672 | 0.412 |
| Degree II type 1 atrioventricular block | 1 (2.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.279 | 0.597 |
| Degree II type 2 atrioventricular block | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | / | / |
| Degree III atrioventricular block | 5 (9.8) | 3 (21.4) | 1.375 | 0.241 |
| QT interval prolongation | 2 (3.9) | 0 (0.0) | 0.566 | 0.452 |
| Right bundle branch block | 3 (5.9) | 1 (7.1) | 0.030 | 0.862 |
| Left anterior branch block | 4 (7.8) | 0 (0.0) | 1.170 | 0.279 |
| Incomplete right bundle branch block | 3 (5.9) | 0 (0.0) | 0.863 | 0.353 |
| Intraventricular block | 1 (2.0) | 1 (7.1) | 0.989 | 0.320 |
| Atrial tachycardia | 0 (0.0) | 1 (7.1) | 3.700 | 0.054 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 1 (2.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.279 | 0.597 |
| Junctional escape | 1 (2.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.279 | 0.597 |
| Ventricular escape | 0 (0.0) | 2 (14.3) | 7.517 | 0.006* |
| Ventricular fibrillation | 0 (0.0) | 2 (14.3) | 7.517 | 0.006* |
| T wave changes | 7 (13.7) | 0 (0.0) | 2.153 | 0.142 |
| QRS low voltage | 1 (2.0) | 2 (14.3) | 3.790 | 0.052 |
| Chest X-ray, n (%) | n = 50 | n = 15 | ||
| Enlarged heart shadow | 20 (40.0) | 6 (40.0) | 0.000 | 1.000 |
| Pulmonary edema | 5 (10.0) | 6 (40.0) | 7.386 | 0.007* |
| Pleural effusion | 4 (8.0) | 2 (13.3) | 0.392 | 0.531 |
| Pneumonia | 14 (28.0) | 7(46.7) | 1.838 | 0.175 |
| Echocardiography | n = 48 | n = 13 | ||
| Left-ventricular end-diastolic diameter (mm), mean ± SD | 37.38 ± 5.63 | 37.31 ± 9.84 | − 0.032 | 0.974 |
| End-systolic left-ventricular posterior wall thickness (mm), mean ± SD | 8.77 ± 2.69 | 9.54 ± 3.48 | 0.738 | 0.471 |
| Left atrial diameter (mm), mean ± SD | 20.19 ± 3.96 | 21.77 ± 3.06 | 1.546 | 0.135 |
| Left-ventricular end-systolic diameter (mm), mean ± SD | 25.58 ± 5.52 | 27.31 ± 6.59 | 0.865 | 0.399 |
| Ventricular septum (mm), mean ± SD | 6.48 ± 1.89 | 6.77 ± 1.48 | 0.588 | 0.562 |
| End-diastolic left-ventricular posterior wall thickness (mm), median (IQR) | 6.00 (5.00–7.00) | 6.00 (5.00–8.50) | − 0.597 | 0.553 |
| Left-ventricular end-diastolic volume (mL), mean ± SD | 59.96 ± 22.89 | 64.92 ± 32.21 | 0.521 | 0.610 |
| Left-ventricular end-systolic volume (mL), median (IQR) | 23.00 (17.00–36.00) | 25.00 (18.00–48.00) | 0.765 | 0.455 |
| Left-ventricular short axis shortening rate (%), median (IQR) | 31.5 (22.25–37.00) | 20.00 (13.00–37.00) | − 1.210 | 0.231 |
| Left-ventricular ejection fraction (%), mean ± SD | 57.29 ± 14.46 | 44.92 ± 19.47 | − 2.534 | 0.014* |
| Cardiac output (L/min), median (IQR) | 3.27 (2.60–4.65) | 3.60 (1.14–5.33) | 0.239 | 0.812 |
| Pericardial effusion, n (%) | 6 (12.5) | 2 (15.4) | 0.006 | 0.937 |
| Congestive heart failure, n (%) | 1 (2.1) | 4 (30.8) | 9.361 | 0.002* |
| Myocardial enzyme, median (IQR) | n = 48 | n = 15 | ||
| CK-MB (IU/L) | 76.00 (29.75–147.00) | 379.00 (60.00–2345.00) | − 3.661 | 0.001* |
| cTnI (ng/mL) | 3.23 (1.38–7.15) | 6.26 (0.33–13.60) | − 0.501 | 0.623 |
| NT-proBNP (pg/mL) | 14,798.50 (5425.50–34,041.50) | 14,185.00 (5790.00–35,000.00) | − 1.030 | 0.320 |
| CRP (mg/L) | 8.00 (8.00–16.00) | 9.00 (8.00–20.00) | 0.902 | 0.373 |
| White blood cell count (× 109/L) | 9.05 (6.15–11.88) | 10.00 (6.80–16.70) | − 1.791 | 0.088 |
| Serum lactate (mmol/L) | 2.40 (1.58–5.53) | 7.40 (1.20–16.00) | − 4.591 | < 0.001* |
ECG electrocardiogram, CK-MB creatine kinase-MB, cTnI cardiac troponin-I, NT-proBNP N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide, CRP C-reactive protein, SD standard deviation, IQR interquartile range. *Statistically significant difference between two groups