Table 4.

Weed management methods used by oil palm producers surveyed in Indonesia, Malaysia, and Papua New Guinea (source: adapted from Table 1 in Rutherford et al. (2011))

Ground cover management method	% producers using in mature oil palm crop (n = 25)
Herbicide application	96
Organic mulch	88
Slashing	56
Uprooting plants with a hoe	56
Cover crop planted	40
Mechanical (mower, tractor)	36
Uprooting plants by hand	32
Biological control	32
Grazing by livestock	28
Plastic sheeting mulch	4
Increased palm planting density	4