TABLE 2.
References | Country | Condition | Duration (weeks) | Group | n | Dose | Age, years, mean ± SD | Outcomes (change of mean ± SD) |
Abedimanesh et al. (44) | Iran | Coronary artery disease | 8 | Saffron | 22 | 30 mg/once daily | 54.83 ± 5.99 | Ox-LDL: −2.54 ± 3.30 |
Placebo | 20 | 56.00 ± 5.67 | Ox-LDL: −0.24 ± 4.79 | |||||
Azimi et al. (45) | Iran | Type 2 diabetes mellitus | 8 | Saffron | 42 | 1,000 mg/once daily | 57.02 ± 1.0 | F2-isoprostan: −0.62 ± 4.00 |
Placebo | 39 | 53.64 ± 1.3 | F2-isoprostan: −0.23 ± 7.15 | |||||
Behrouz et al. (49) | Iran | Type 2 diabetes mellitus | 12 | Crocin | 22 | 15 mg/twice daily | 57.08 ± 7.41 | MDA: 1.48 ± 4.98 |
Placebo | 22 | – | 59.86 ± 9.46 | MDA: 1.86 ± 4.45 | ||||
Dastkhosh et al. (48) | Iran | Type 2 diabetes mellitus | 12 | Crocin | 22 | 15 mg/twice daily | 57.08 ± 7.41 | TOS: −0.82 ± 1.43 |
TAC: 0.24 ± 0.39 | ||||||||
Placebo | 22 | – | 59.86 ± 9.46 | TOS: 0.55 ± 1.09 | ||||
TAC: −0.05 ± 0.40 | ||||||||
Ebrahimi et al. (46) | Iran | Type 2 diabetes mellitus | 12 | Saffron | 40 | 100 mg/twice daily | 55.2 ± 7.3 | MDA: −1.10 ± 3.41 |
TAC: −0.06 ± 0.65 | ||||||||
Placebo | 40 | – | 53 ± 10.6 | MDA: 0.1 ± 2.7 | ||||
TAC: −0.01 ± 0.6 | ||||||||
Ghaderi et al. (57) | Iran | Methadone maintenance treatment | 8 | Crocin | 26 | 15 mg/twice daily | 44.5 ± 9.4 | MDA: −0.4 ± 1 |
TAC: 52.30 ± 97.14 | ||||||||
GSH: 73.2 ± 119 | ||||||||
Total nitrite: 0.3 ± 5.05 | ||||||||
Placebo | 27 | – | 45.6 ± 9.9 | MDA: 0.1 ± 1.25 | ||||
TAC: −14.6 ± 141.75 | ||||||||
GSH: 21.4 ± 293.38 | ||||||||
Total nitrite: 1.4 ± 5.12 | ||||||||
Ghiasian et al. (50) | Iran | Multiple sclerosis | 4 | Crocin | 20 | 15 mg/twice daily | 29 ± 4.99 | MDA: −46.32 ± 16.75 |
TAC: 24.42 ± 40.68 | ||||||||
TTG: 20.83 ± 15.27 | ||||||||
Placebo | 20 | – | 31.47 ± 5.31 | MDA: −17.94 ± 25.73 | ||||
TAC: 9.44 ± 42.69 | ||||||||
TTG: 4.37 ± 16.88 | ||||||||
Ghobadi et al. (17) | Iran | COPD | 12 | Crocin | 23 | 30 mg/once daily | 62.04 ± 8.83 | TOS: −0.14 ± 1.01 |
TAC: 0.27 ± 0.51 | ||||||||
Placebo | 23 | – | 61.72 ± 8.54 | TOS: 0.30 ± 1.81 | ||||
TAC: −0.05 ± 0.61 | ||||||||
Hamidi et al. (55) | Iran | Rheumatoid arthritis | 12 | Saffron | 33 | 100 mg/once daily | 51.55 ± 8.26 | MDA: −0.54 ± 9.37 |
TAC: 0.23 ± 0.94 | ||||||||
Placebo | 32 | – | 51.80 ± 9.62 | MDA: 2.57 ± 7.71 | ||||
TAC: 0.04 ± 1.10 | ||||||||
Karimi-Nazari et al. (20) | Iran | Prediabetes obese individuals | 8 | Saffron | 26 | 15 mg/once daily | 57.95 ± 8.12 | DPPH: 2.40 ± 2.02 |
Placebo | 30 | – | 57.90 ± 8.70 | DPPH: −0.85 ± 2.11 | ||||
Kavianipour et al. (52) | Iran | Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease | 12 | Saffron | 38 | 100 mg/once daily | 43.42 ± 10.62 | MDA: −1.9 ± 3.51 |
TAC: 0.43 ± 0.70 | ||||||||
Placebo | 38 | – | 42.05 ± 8.27 | MDA: −1.09 ± 2.71 | ||||
TAC: 0.08 ± 0.60 | ||||||||
Kermani et al. (54) | Iran | Metabolic syndrome | 12 | Saffron | 26 | 50 mg/twice daily | 42.19 ± 11.52 | PAB: −13.36 ± 26.71 |
Placebo | 30 | – | 43.60 ± 9.05 | PAB: −4.19 ± 28.71 | ||||
Rasi Marzabadi et al. (56) | Iran | Alzheimer disease | 12 | Saffron | 27 | 15 mg/twice daily | 76.70 ± 6.10 | TAC: 0.18 ± 0.43 |
MD: −0.15 ± 0.44 | ||||||||
GPx: 12.01 ± 14.97 | ||||||||
SOD: 124.4 ± 207.84 | ||||||||
Placebo | 27 | – | 75.33 ± 5.06 | TAC: 0.11 ± 0.53 | ||||
MD: −0.11 ± 0.37 | ||||||||
GPx: 8.99 ± 16.71 | ||||||||
SOD: 142.52 ± 207.11 | ||||||||
Nikbakht-Jam et al. (53) | Iran | Metabolic syndrome | 8 | Crocin | 29 | 15 mg/twice daily | 38.97 ± 13.33 | PAB: −16.12 ± 48.75 |
Placebo | 29 | – | 43.46 ± 12.77 | PAB: −0.88 ± 36.53 | ||||
Shahbazian et al. (47) | Iran | Type 2 diabetes mellitus | 12 | Saffron | 32 | 15 mg/twice daily | 53.5 ± 9.9 | MDA: −8.94 ± 66.42 |
TAC: 0.11 ± 0.43 | ||||||||
H-Cys: −0.12 ± 5.48 | ||||||||
Placebo | 32 | – | 52.4 ± 13 | MDA: −4.37 ± 63.78 | ||||
TAC: 0.1 ± 0.51 | ||||||||
H-Cys: −4.11 ± 6.14 | ||||||||
Tahvilian et al. (51) | Iran | Ulcerative colitis | 8 | Saffron | 40 | 100 mg/once daily | 40.55 ± 12.71 | MDA: −4.07 ± 12.03 |
TAC: 0.11 0.88 | ||||||||
SOD: 5.61 ± 9.68 | ||||||||
GPx: 7.61 ± 15.23 | ||||||||
Placebo | 35 | – | 40.97 ± 11.34 | MDA: −0.11 ± 11.82 | ||||
TAC: −0.1 ± 0.90 | ||||||||
SOD: 0.65 ± 6.52 | ||||||||
GPx: −1.63 ± 10.40 |
DPPH, 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl; GPx, glutathione peroxidase; GSH, total glutathione; H-cys, homocysteine; MDA, malondialdehyde; Ox-LDL, oxidized LDL; PAB, proxidant/antioxidant balance; SD, standard deviation; SOD, superoxide dismutase; TAC, total antioxidant capacity; TTG, total thiol group.