Figure 1.

Transient physiological bacteremia triggered by periodontitis and dental procedures permits oral pathogens to stretch themselves systemically. Patients with periodontitis possess a less diverse gut microbiota, and higher possession of oral taxa in the intestine gives rise to more serious gut inflammation (Lourenvarsigmao et al., 2018). To tolerate the inactivation of stomach acid and bile acid, these unexpected “visitors” are expected to be highly acid-resistant. Moreover, P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum can be parasitic on dendritic cells or macrophages and disrupt extraoral tissues (Carrion et al., 2012; Xue et al., 2018). Oral microbes, including P. gingivalis, Actinomyces, Streptococcus, and Treponema denticola, have been confirmed as sources of non-oral organs in a colonizing manner (Figuero et al., 2014; Zhang et al., 2021; Deppe et al., 2022). Chronic oral infection establishes F. nucleatum colonization that significantly induces systemic humoral IgG and IgM antibody responses (Velsko et al., 2015).