Figure 2.

To maintain ecological balance, intestinal protective elements resist extra-intestinal microbes in the oral-derived microbiome dysbiosis. In the intestine, the enteral translocation of periodontopathic bacteria brings about gut microbiota dysbiosis and intestinal inflammation, thus weakening the intestinal surface liquids and junctional components (Nakajima et al., 2015; Feng et al., 2020). While interacting with the host’s immune system, via enteral route or hematogenous route, oral-derived pathogens regulate the constitution and transformation of immune cells, guiding the transition of the intestinal microenvironment from a healthy state to a pre-disease state. In regard to cell signaling pathways, cells of Paneth autonomously sense a series of oral metabolites via MyD88-dependent toll-like receptor (TLR), then stimulate antimicrobial cytokines and trigger the downstream NF-kB pathway, which subsequently regulates the production of a series of inflammatory cytokines (Vaishnava et al., 2008; Qi et al., 2022).