Table 1.
Association between protective factors and substance use and self-harm behavior items across the three models among multiply imputed dataset.
| Odds Ratios (95% Confidence Intervals) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||
| Population Estimate | Population estimate with adjustment for child psychopathologya | Co-twin control with adjustment for child psychopathologya | |
|
| |||
| Sports Participation (Parent-Reported) | |||
|
| |||
| Alcohol Cutoff (AUDIT)b | 1.08 (1.02, 1.14)** | 1.10 (1.04, 1.17)** | 1.09 (0.99, 1.20) |
| Any Drug Use (DUDIT) | 0.98 (0.89, 1.08) | 1.00 (0.89, 1.11) | 0.99 (0.83, 1.19) |
| Any Cigarette Use | 1.04 (0.98, 1.11) | 1.05 (0.99, 1.12) | 1.07 (0.95, 1.21) |
| Any Snuff Use | 1.13 (1.07, 1.19)** | 1.14 (1.09, 1.21)** | 1.17 (1.03, 1.33)* |
| Suicide Attempt/Self-Harm | 0.85 (0.81, 0.90)** | 0.88 (0.83, 0.92)** | 0.91 (0.82, 1.01) |
|
| |||
| Physical Activity (Twin-Reported) | |||
|
| |||
| Alcohol Cutoff (AUDIT)b | 0.94 (0.89, 0.99)* | 0.97 (0.92, 1.03) | 0.98 (0.89, 1.08) |
| Any Drug Use (DUDIT) | 0.83 (0.77, 0.89)** | 0.85 (0.78, 0.94)** | 0.90 (0.75, 1.07) |
| Any Cigarette Use | 0.92 (0.87, 0.97)** | 0.93 (0.88, 0.99)* | 0.94 (0.85, 1.04) |
| Any Snuff Use | 0.98 (0.93, 1.04) | 1.01 (0.96, 1.07) | 1.02 (0.92, 1.12) |
| Suicide Attempt/Self-Harm | 0.72 (0.69, 0.76)** | 0.75 (0.71, 0.79)** | 0.78 (0.72, 0.85)** |
|
| |||
| Positive Friendship Quality (Twin-Reported) | |||
|
| |||
| Alcohol Cutoff (AUDIT)b | 1.15 (1.08, 1.23)** | 1.15 (1.08, 1.23)** | 1.16 (1.07, 1.25)** |
| Any Drug Use (DUDIT) | 1.02 (0.93, 1.12) | 1.04 (0.94, 1.15) | 1.04 (0.90, 1.19) |
| Any Cigarette Use | 1.19 (1.10, 1.28)** | 1.20 (1.11, 1.29)** | 1.18 (1.06, 1.32)** |
| Any Snuff Use | 1.19 (1.11, 1.28)** | 1.21 (1.12, 1.30)** | 1.19 (1.08, 1.31)** |
| Suicide Attempt/Self-Harm | 0.89 (0.83, 0.96)** | 0.91 (0.85, 0.98)* | 0.94 (0.86, 1.03) |
Note: All models include adjustment for biological sex. All outcomes are dichotomous. Based 18,234 unique individuals (182,340 observations after 10 imputations). Suicide attempt and self-harm are referred to as self-harm behaviors throughout the text.
*
Statistically significant at p<0.05.
**
Statistically significant at p<0.01.
a
Adjusted for A-TAC summed scores for concentration/attention, impulsivity/activity, opposition, conduct, psychosis, and eating symptomology.
b
The cutoff score was 8 or higher from the total summed score.