. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Feb 15.

Published in final edited form as: Dev Psychopathol. 2022 Aug 15;34(5):1781–1802. doi: 10.1017/S0954579422000724

Appendix 11.

Associations between protective factors and outcomes in the population estimate adjusting for childhood psychopathology and zygosity.

			OR (95% CI)

Population estimate with adjustment for child psychopathology^a and zygosity	Alcohol Use Cutoff (AUDIT)	Any Drug Use (DUDIT)	Any Cigarette Use	Any Snuff Use	Suicide attempt/self-harm

Sports participation (parent-reported)	1.10 (1.04–1.17)^**	1.00 (0.90–1.11)	1.06 (0.99–1.13)	1.15 (1.09–1.21)^**	0.88 (0.83–0.92)^**
Physical activity (twin-reported)	0.97 (0.92–1.03)	0.85 (0.78–0.94)^**	0.93 (0.88–0.99)^*	1.01 (0.96–1.07)	0.75 (0.71–0.79)^**
Positive friendship quality (twin-reported)	1.17 (1.09–1.25)^**	1.03 (0.93–1.15)	1.19 (1.11–1.29)^**	1.20 (1.12–1.29)^**	0.91 (0.85–0.97)^*

Note: Includes adjustment for biological sex. Based 18,234 unique individuals (182,340 observations after 10 imputations).

Statistically significant at p<0.05.

^**

Statistically significant at p<0.01.

Adjusted for ATAC summed scores for concentration/attention, impulsivity/activity, opposition, conduct, psychosis, and eating symptomology.