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. 2023 Feb 1;14:1123841. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1123841

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Copyright © 2023 Koda, Hu, Ju, Sun, Shao, Tang, Zheng and Yan

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The role of glutamate in cells. (A) the role of glutamate in protein synthesis. The amino-acid glutamate is the substrate for protein synthesis, important for the maintenance and promotion of cell function. (B) the role of glutamate in the TCA. Extracellular glutamate is one of the most important sources of carbon in The TCA cycle. In the mitochondria, glutamate is deaminated to α-ketoglutarate (α-KG) by glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), which is incorporated in the TCA cycle for energy production. (C) glutamate and the maintenance of cell homeostasis and regulation of cell proliferation. The amino-acid exchangers also known as cystine-glutamate transporter (xCT/SLC7A11), play a very important role in maintaining redox homeostasis by exchanging extracellular cystine in exchange for intracellular glutamate to maintain intracellular redox and the energy production for the regulation of cell proliferation.