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. 2023 Feb 1;14:1123841. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1123841

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Copyright © 2023 Koda, Hu, Ju, Sun, Shao, Tang, Zheng and Yan

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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General structure of glutamate receptors. Metabotropic glutamate receptors belong to the family C G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR). Group I mGluRs is coupled to phospholipase C, while groups II and III are negatively coupled to adenylate cyclase (AC). The iGluRs are ligand-gated cation channels that are divided into three groups: N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA), and 2-carboxy-3-carboxymethyl-4-isopropenyl pyrrolidine (kainate, KA) receptors.