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. 2023 Feb 14;13:2635. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-29659-w

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Kaplan–Meier survival curves of rejection episode by surgical procedure groups (N = 730). The PK group has the highest hazard estimate of rejection, with significant differences between this group and the other three groups (P = 0.018 for DSAEK, P = 0.022 for nDSAEK, and P < 0.001 for DMEK). No significant difference was observed between DSAEK and nDSAEK (HR = 0.92, 95% CI [0.44, 1.95], P = 0.829). The DMEK group has the lowest hazard estimate of rejection, with significant differences between this group and the other three groups (P < 0.001, PK; P = 0.006, DSAEK; and P = 0.010, nDSAEK). DMEK descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty, DSAEK descemet’s stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty, nDSAEK non-descemet’s stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty, PK penetrating keratoplasty.