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. 2023 Feb 14;14:823. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-36318-1

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© The Author(s) 2023

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Fig. 2 — Upon anodic charging at +0.4 V vs Ag/AgCl, PANI is activated (emeraldine) and servs as an electrosorbent for nitrate. During cathodic charging, PANI is reduced to leucoemeraldine form, and adsorbed nitrate is released (−0.5 V vs Ag/AgCl), or PANI regeneration is coupled with nitrate electroconversion to ammonia by Co₃O₄ (−1.4 V vs Ag/AgCl).