Fig. 3.

Schematic description of the bioinspired biomineralization modulation mechanism of the 3D-printed Sr-MBGNs-incorporated scaffolds. The scaffolds biomimetically modulate the intrafibrillar and extrafibrillar biomineralization process by: 1) regulating the prenucleation ion aggregation and permeation; 2) upregulating LOX, thus promoting the enzymatic crosslinks and ECM reconstruction to form collagen-rich ECM; 3) promoting cell focal adhesion by upregulation of Kindlin-2, which could further activate the PTH1R and stimulate the excretion of OCN (a type of NCPs) to regulate the intrafibrillar HA alignment and intrafibrillar mineralization (schematic was created with BioRender.com).