Table 5.

Univariable and multivariable meta-regression analyses for proportion of HSV-2 virus detection in laboratory-confirmed genital herpes in Europe, using the year of data collection as the temporal variable instead of the year of publication.

		Outcome measures	Samples	Univariable analysis				Multivariable analysisa
								Model 1b: Time as a categorical variable model		Model 2c: Time as a linear variable model
		Total n	Total N	RR (95%CI)	p-value	LR test p-valued	Adjusted R2 (%)	ARR (95%CI)	p-value	ARR (95%CI)	p-value
Age group	<25 years	7	1638	1.00	-	0.005	10.09	1.00	-	1.00	-
	≥25 years	15	1865	1.41 (1.05–1.88)	0.021			1.53 (1.23–1.89)	<0.001	1.54 (1.25–1.89)	<0.001
	Mixed	161	19,820	1.50 (1.18–1.93)	0.001			1.15 (0.94–1.40)	0.180	1.18 (0.98–1.42)	0.087
Sex	Women	51	7368	1.00	-	0.001	10.39	1.00	-	1.00	-
	Men	48	5190	1.23 (1.08–1.39)	0.001			1.21 (1.10–1.33)	<0.001	1.21 (1.10–1.32)	<0.001
	Mixed	84	10,765	1.21 (1.08–1.35)	0.001			1.12 (1.01–1.23)	0.028	1.07 (0.97–1.18)	0.180
Genital herpes episode status	First episode	57	9135	1.00	-	<0.001	27.34	1.00	-	1.00	-
	Recurrent episode	13	1907	1.54 (1.30–1.82)	<0.001			1.51 (1.30–1.75)	<0.001	1.52 (1.32–1.75)	<0.001
	Unspecified status	113	12,281	1.31 (1.19–1.44)	<0.001			1.39 (1.26–1.53)	<0.001	1.33 (1.21–1.46)	<0.001
European subregion/country	Southern Europee	20	1881	1.00	-	<0.001	13.30	1.00	-	1.00	-
	Western Europe	11	1016	1.01 (0.81–1.26)	0.909			1.13 (0.95–1.35)	0.164	1.08 (0.91–1.28)	0.373
	Northern Europe	142	20,141	0.91 (0.79–1.05)	0.185			0.94 (0.83–1.06)	0.311	0.88 (0.78–0.99)	0.030
	Israel	10	285	0.49 (0.37–0.64)	<0.001			0.44 (0.35–0.56)	<0.001	0.44 (0.35–0.56)	<0.001
Sample sizef	<200	49	2032	1.00	-	0.014	0.53	1.00	-	1.00	-
	≥200	134	21,291	1.15 (1.03–1.29)	0.014			1.09 (1.00–1.19)	0.054	1.14 (1.04–1.24)	0.004
Year of data collection category	<1995	69	8285	1.00	-	0.104	5.03	1.00	-	-	-
	1995–2005	68	9692	1.01 (0.90–1.13)	0.863			0.97 (0.88–1.06)	0.507	-	-
	>2005	46	5346	0.89 (0.79–1.01)	0.067			0.86 (0.77–0.96)	0.010	-	-
Year of data collection		183	23,323	0.99 (0.99–1.00)	0.001	0.001	11.12	-	-	0.99 (0.99–1.00)	0.001

Abbreviations: ARR = Adjusted risk ratio, CI = Confidence interval, HSV-2 = Herpes simplex virus type 2, LR = Likelihood ratio, RR = Risk ratio.

^aModels 1 and 2 used only year of data collection as the temporal variable due to collinearity between year of publication and year of data collection. The same analyses using year of publication are presented in Table S11.

^bVariance explained by the final multivariable model 1 (adjusted R²) = 53.89%.

^cVariance explained by the final multivariable model 2 (adjusted R²) = 58.15%.

^dFactors in the univariable analyses with a p-value <0.1 were included in the multivariable analysis.

^eSouthern Europe includes one measure from Eastern Europe.

^fSample size denotes the sample size of the study population found in the original publication.