Table 1.
Population characteristics.
| NAFLD | Matched controls | p value | p value (adjusted) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 5,069 | 5,069 | — | — |
| Sex (female/male) | 46.9%/53.1% | 46.9%/53.1% | 1.000 | — |
| Age (years) | 64.33 (7.47) | 64.54 (7.69) | 0.152 | — |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 30.26 (4.83) | 29.19 (3.75) | <0.001 | — |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 98.40 (11.92) | 94.48 (10.53) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Liver PDFF (%) |
8.42 (6.24-12.30) |
2.70 (1.99-3.62) |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
| Muscle composition | ||||
| Muscle volume z-score (SD) | -0.06 (0.97) | -0.03 (1.01) | 0.103 | 0.022 |
| FFMV, total thigh (L) | 10.75 (2.56) | 10.69 (2.62) | 0.243 | 0.003 |
| FFMV, left anterior thigh (L) | 1.79 (0.49) | 1.79 (0.51) | 0.744 | <0.001 |
| FFMV, right anterior thigh (L) | 1.80 (0.50) | 1.80 (0.51) | 0.680 | <0.001 |
| FFMV, left posterior thigh (L) | 3.54 (0.80) | 3.52 (0.82) | 0.129 | 0.013 |
| FFMV, right posterior thigh (L) | 3.59 (0.82) | 3.56 (0.83) | 0.087 | 0.022 |
| MFI, mean anterior thigh (%) | 8.03 (2.16) | 7.82 (2.07) | <0.001 | 0.938 |
| MFI, sex-adjusted (%) | 1.02 (2.03) | 0.81 (1.93) | <0.001 | 0.938 |
| MFI, left anterior thigh (%) | 8.16 (2.18) | 7.95 (2.11) | <0.001 | 0.786 |
| MFI, right anterior thigh (%) | 7.91 (2.19) | 7.71 (2.11) | <0.001 | 0.758 |
| MFI, left posterior thigh (%) | 11.94 (2.63) | 11.61 (2.53) | <0.001 | 0.044 |
| MFI, right posterior thigh (%) | 11.74 (2.66) | 11.41 (2.54) | <0.001 | 0.069 |
| Adverse muscle composition (yes/no) | 15.2%/84.8% | 14.7%/85.3% | 0.486 | 0.487 |
| Low muscle volume (yes/no) | 26.2%/73.8% | 26.2%/73.8% | 1.000 | 0.751 |
| High MFI (yes/no) |
38.8%/61.2% |
35.2%/64.8% |
<0.001 |
0.566 |
| Functional performance | ||||
| Hand grip strength (kg) | 31.31 (10.97) | 31.78 (10.95) | 0.032 | <0.001 |
| Low hand grip strength (yes/no/missing) | 8.9%/88.2%/2.9% | 8.0%/89.2%/2.7% | 0.102 | 0.093 |
| Slow walking pace (yes/no/missing) | 9.3%/90.4%/0.3% | 7.8%/92.0%/0.3% | 0.006 | 0.576 |
| >1 fall last year (yes/no/missing) | 5.5%/94.3%/0.2% | 5.8%/94.1%/0.1% | 0.496 | 0.163 |
| No stair climbing (yes/no/missing) |
10.9%/88.6%/0.5% |
10.4%/89.1%/0.6% |
0.373 |
0.702 |
| Comorbidity | ||||
| Cancer (yes/no/missing) | 11.0%/88.5%/0.4% | 10.5%/89.4%/0.1% | 0.311 | 0.227 |
| Type 2 diabetes (yes/no/missing) | 14.7%/84.4%/0.9% | 6.5%/92.9%/0.6% | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Coronary heart disease (yes/no/missing) |
6.5%/93.1%/0.4% |
7.7%/91.9%/0.4% |
0.030 |
0.010 |
| Lifestyle factors | ||||
| Smoking (no/previous/current/missing) | 65.7%/31.1%/2.8%/0.4% | 64.9%/31.2%/3.5%/0.3% | 0.092 | 0.056 |
| Alcohol consumption (g/day) | 6.83 (6.91) | 7.43 (7.09) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Physical activity IPAQ (moderate/low/high/missing) | 45.5%/28.2%/26.1%/0.2% | 43.5%/23.8%/32.6%/0.2% | <0.001 | 0.024 |
| Townsend deprivation index | -1.61 (2.87) | -1.71 (2.77) | 0.074 | 0.581 |
Values are mean (SD) for continuous variables and percentages for binary/categorical variables. p values are from linear/logistic regression or chi-squared test, unadjusted and adjusted for sex, age, BMI. Liver PDFF is given in median (IQR).
FFMV, fat-free muscle volume; IPAQ, international physical activity questionnaire; MFI, muscle fat infiltration; NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; PDFF, proton density fat fraction.