Table 7.
Repeatability for sensor-based metrics
| Metric | ICC(r,k) | Score (p < 0.05) | Rating | Measurement device | Session | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Isokinetic motion with EMG | ICC(2,1) | (0.857–0.981) | ***-**** | 1-DOF | Intra- | [85] |
| Isokinetic motion with torque | ICC(2,1) | (0.873–0.987) | ***-**** | |||
| Manual motion with EMG | ICC(2,1) | (0.538–0.924) | **-**** | |||
| Joint ROM right shoulder | ICC(3,1) | 0.998 | **** | 2-DOF (unactuated) | Intra- | [89] |
| Joint ROM right elbow | ICC(3,1) | 0.994 | **** | |||
| Joint ROM left shoulder | ICC(3,1) | 0.996 | **** | |||
| Joint ROM left elbow | ICC(3,1) | 0.994 | **** | |||
| Grip force right dynamometer | ICC(3,1) | 0.998 | **** | |||
| Grip force left dynamometer | ICC(3,1) | 0.998 | **** | |||
| Mean speed | ICC(3,1) | 0.95, 0.93 | **** | MEMOS & Braccio di Ferro | Intra-, Inter- | [151] |
| Mean absolute value of the distance | ICC(3,1) | 0.91, 0.97 | **** | |||
| Normal path length | ICC(3,1) | 0.9, 0.96 | **** | |||
| Ratio between peak tangential speed and mean speed | ICC(3,1) | 0.99, 0.91 | **** | |||
| Spectral arc length | ICC(3,1) | 0.92, 0.95 | **** | |||
| Velocity peaks | ICC(3,1) | 0.85, 0.95 | ***,**** | |||
| Mean speed | ICC(3,1) | 0.93,0.94a | **** | Kinect | Intra-, Inter- | [81] |
| Normalized mean speed | ICC(3,1) | 0.81,0.6a | ***,** | |||
| Normalized speed peaks | ICC(3,1) | 0.77,0.71a | ***,** | |||
| Logarithm of dimensionless jerk | ICC(3,1) | 0.91,0.95a | **** | |||
| Curvature | ICC(3,1) | 0.91,0.96a | **** | |||
| Spectral arc length | ICC(3,1) | 0.52,0.12a | **,* | |||
| Shoulder angle | ICC(3,1) | 0.99,0.96a | **** | |||
| Elbow angle | ICC(3,1) | 0.94,0.92a | **** | |||
| Duration | ICC(2,k) | 0.962 | **** | MOTORE | Inter- | [86] |
| Mean speed | ICC(2,k) | 0.914 | **** | |||
| The total length of the path traveled | ICC(2,k) | 0.951 | **** | |||
| Mean of path length ratios | ICC(2,k) | 0.972 | **** | |||
| Line integral of force along patient path (Worktot) | ICC(2,k) | 0.908 | **** | |||
| Total work directed towards the target (Worktan) | ICC(2,k) | 0.957 | **** | |||
| Movement time | ICC(2,k) | 0.11–0.82 | *-*** | 7-camera Qualisys Motion | Inter- | [87] |
| Peak hand velocity | ICC(2,k) | 0.74–0.95 | **-**** | |||
| Time to peak hand velocity | ICC(2,k) | 0.11–0.83 | *-*** | |||
| Reach path ratio | ICC(2,k) | 0.33–0.95 | *-**** | |||
| Endpoint error | ICC(2,k) | 0.68–0.85 | **-*** | |||
| Reach extent | ICC(2,k) | 0.93–0.99 | **** | |||
| Maximum shoulder flexion range of motion | ICC(2,k) | 0.93–0.95 | **** | |||
| Maximum shoulder abduction ROM | ICC(2,k) | 0.58–0.77 | **-*** | |||
| Min elbow extension ROM | ICC(2,k) | 0.86–0.91 | ***-**** | |||
| Interjoint coordination | ICC(2,k) | 0.66–0.92 | **-**** | |||
| Trajectory smoothness | ICC(2,k) | 0.43–0.84 | *-*** | |||
| aROM elbow flexion | ICC(3,k) | 0.56–0.90 | **-**** | Inertial sensors | Rater A | [152] |
| aROM elbow pronation | ICC(3,k) | 0.71–0.93 | **-**** | |||
| aROM elbow supination | ICC(3,k) | 0.84–0.97 | ***-**** | |||
| aROM wrist flexion | ICC(3,k) | 0.86–0.97 | ***-**** | |||
| aROM wrist extension | ICC(3,k) | 0.62–0.92 | **-**** | |||
| aROM radial deviation | ICC(3,k) | 0.63–0.92 | **-**** | |||
| aROM ulnar deviation | ICC(3,k) | 0.72–0.94 | **-**** | |||
| Discrimination threshold | ICC(3,1) | 0.52–0.90 | **-**** | KINARM | [157] | |
| Displacement variability | ICC(3,1) | 0.28–0.86 | *-*** | |||
| Absolute error-XY | ICC(3,1) | 0.74–0.95 | **-**** | |||
| Variability-XY | ICC(3,1) | − 0.09–0.63 | *-** | |||
| Con/Exp ratio-XY | ICC(3,1) | 0.68–0.94 | **-**** | |||
| Spatial shift-XY | ICC(3,1) | 0.72–0.95 | **-**** | |||
| Visually guided reaching—dominate | ICC(3,1) | 0.3 | * | [158] | ||
| Visually guided reaching—non-dominate | ICC(3,1) | 0.33 | * | |||
| Arm position matching—dominate | ICC(3,1) | 0.29 | * | |||
| Arm position matching—non-dominate | ICC(3,1) | 0.36 | * | |||
| Total movement time | ICC(2,k) | 0.91–0.99 | **** | ArmeoSpring | Inter- | [62] |
| Movement time | ICC(2,k) | 0.47–0.90 | *-**** | |||
| Peak velocity | ICC(2,k) | 0.83–0.97 | ***-**** | |||
| Hand path ratio | ICC(2,k) | 0.47–0.90 | *-**** | |||
| Velocity peaks | ICC(2,k) | 0.45–0.91 | *-**** | |||
| Score | ICC(2,k) | 0.97–0.99 | **** |
ICC(2,1) two-way random effects with a single measurement, ICC(2,k) two-way random effects with a mean of k measurements, ICC(3,1) two-way mixed effects with a single measurement, ICC(3,k) two-way mixed effects with a mean of k measurements. *Poor reliability (< 0.5). **Moderate reliability (0.5 ≤ ICC < 0.75). ***Good reliability (0.75 ≤ ICC < 0.9). ****Excellent reliability (≥ 0.9)
ap value not reported
***,****Refers to intra- and inter-session reliability rating
***-**** is between good and excellent reliability based on the confidence interval